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ANS 302: Veterinary Microbiology > Introduction and History of Microbiology > Flashcards

Introduction and History of Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the most populous and diverse group of organisms?

A

Microorganisms.

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2
Q

Where are microorganisms found?

A

Everywhere.

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3
Q

How do microorganisms benefit the world around them?

A
  1. Recycling essential elements.
  2. Source of nutrients.
  3. Carry out photosynthesis.
  4. Help produce food, beverages, vitamins, and antibiotics.
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4
Q

Are all microorganisms beneficial?

A

No, some cause disease.

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5
Q

What are the 2 main types of microorganisms?

A
  1. Cellular.
  2. Acellular.
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6
Q

What sub-types of microorganisms fall under cellular?

A
  1. Fungi.
  2. Protists.
  3. Bacteria.
  4. Archaea.
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7
Q

What sub-types of microorganisms fall under acellular?

A
  1. Viruses.
  2. Viroids.
  3. Satellites.
  4. Prions.
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8
Q

What are the two types of microbial cells?

A
  1. Prokaryotic cells.
  2. Eukaryotic cells.
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9
Q

What are prokaryotic cells (in simple)?

A

Cells that lack a true membrane-defined nucleus.

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10
Q

What are eukaryotic cells (in simple)?

A

Cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus, more complex morphology, and are usually larger than prokaryotic cells.

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11
Q

What is the 3 domain system based on?

A

Ribosomal RNA genes.

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12
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A
  1. Bacteria (true bacteria).
  2. Eukarya (eukaryotes).
  3. Archaea.
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13
Q

What is the total size of the eukaryotic ribosome?

A

80s.

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14
Q

What is the size of the large eukaryotic ribosomal subunit and how many proteins does it contain?

A
  1. 60s.
  2. 50 proteins.
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15
Q

What is the size of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit and how many proteins does it contain?

A
  1. 40s.
  2. 33 proteins.
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16
Q

What is the total size of the prokaryotic ribosome?

A

70s.

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17
Q

What is the size of the large prokaryotic ribosomal subunit and how many proteins does it contain?

A
  1. 50s.
  2. 34 proteins.
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18
Q

What is the size of the small prokaryotic ribosomal subunit and how many proteins does it contain?

A
  1. 30s.
  2. 21 proteins.
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19
Q

What does knowing the proteins for ribosomal subunits allow for?

A

Classifying microorganisms at the genus or species level.

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of Domain Bacteria?

A
  1. Usually single-celled.
  2. Most lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
  3. Majority have a peptidoglycan cell wall.
  4. Ubiquitous, but some live in extreme environments.
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21
Q

What are the characteristics of Domain Archaea?

A
  1. Distinguished from bacteria by a unique RNA sequence.
  2. Lack a peptidoglycan cell wall.
  3. Some have unusual metabolic characteristics.
  4. Have unique lipid membranes.
  5. Many live in extreme environments.
22
Q

What are the 2 major divisions of Domain Eukarya?

A
  1. Protists.
  2. Fungi.
23
Q

What are the major characteristics of Domain Eukarya-Protists?

A
  1. Generally larger than bacteria and archaea.
  2. Algae: Photosynthesis.
  3. Slime molds: Two-stage life cycle.
  4. Water molds: devastating disease in plants.
  5. Protozoa: May be motile “hunters, gatherers”.
24
Q

What are the major characteristics of Domain Eukarya-Fungi?

A
  1. Yeast: Unicellular.
  2. Mold: Multicellular.
25
Q

What are the acellular infectious agents?

A
  1. Viruses.
  2. Satellites.
  3. Viroids.
  4. Prions.
26
Q

What are the characteristics of viruses?

A
  1. Smallest of all microbes.
  2. Require host cells to replicate.
  3. Causes a range of diseases and some cancers.
27
Q

What is the characteristic of a satellite?

A

Comprised of a protein coat and nucleic acid.

28
Q

What is the characteristic of a viroid?

A

An infectious agent composed of RNA.

29
Q

What is the characteristic of a prion?

A

An infectious protein.

30
Q

Who built the first microscope, thereby discovering microorganisms?

A

Antony/ie von Leeuwenhoek.
*First to describe them ACCURATELY.

31
Q

What is the idea of spontaneous generation?

A

The idea that living organisms can develop from decomposing or non-living matter.

32
Q

Who disproved spontaneous generation and how?

A

Francesco Redi disproved it by putting out 2 pieces of meat. He covered one and left the other uncovered. Maggots developed in the uncovered meat, but not the covered meat.

33
Q

What experiment did John Needham do and why?

A

He put mutton broth in flasks, boiled it, then sealed it. This was done to prove spontaneous generation applied to microbes.

34
Q

What was the result and what did Needham do wrong?

A

There was microbial growth. He did not seal the flask first.

35
Q

What experiment did Lazzaro Spallanzani do?

A

The same as Needham, he just sealed the flask first.

36
Q

What was the result of Spallanzani’s experiment?

A

No growth of microorganisms.

37
Q

What experiment did Louis Pasteur’s conduct?

A

The swan-neck flask experiment. Two swan-neck flasks containing nutrient solution were exposed to heat, boiling the nutrient solution. Then both flasks were left unsealed.

38
Q

What was the result of Pasteur’s first experiment?

A

No growth of microorganisms.

39
Q

What happened when Pasteur reran the experiment, but snapped the neck off of one of the flasks? What did this rerun prove?

A
  1. The flask with the missing neck became contaminated with microorganisms.
  2. It proved that microorganisms were getting stuck in the curve of the neck of the flasks, keeping the broth sterile.
40
Q

What were originally believed to be the causes of disease?

A
  1. Supernatural forces.
  2. Imbalances in the 4 bodily humors.
41
Q

What was required to establish a connection between microbes and disease?

A

The development of techniques for studying microbes.

42
Q

What did the earliest studies to establish a connection between microbes and disease focus on?

A

Plants and fungi.

43
Q

What 2 methods of work did Joseph Lister develop that provided indirect evidence that microorganisms cause disease?

A
  1. He developed a method for treating surgical dressings and instruments.
  2. He developed a surgery system designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds.
44
Q

What was the outcome of Lister’s methods of work?

A

His patient’s had a much lower incidence of postoperative infection.

45
Q

What bacteria and disease did Robert Koch connect?

A

Bacillus anthracis and anthrax.

46
Q

What system did Koch develop that is used to connect a particular microorganism to a particular disease?

A

Koch’s Postulates.

47
Q

What is Koch’s first postulate?

A

The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from heathy organisms.

48
Q

What is Koch’s second postulate?

A

The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture.

49
Q

What is Koch’s third postulate?

A

The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host.
*The healthy host can be another species than that of the origina host.

50
Q

What is Koch’s fourth postulate?

A

The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host.

51
Q

What did Koch’s work lead to the discovery and development of (5 things)?

A
  1. Agar.
  2. Nutrient agar.
  3. Petri dish.
  4. Nutrient broth.
  5. Methods for isolating microorganisms.

ANS 302: Veterinary Microbiology (4 decks)

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