Introduction and history

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

Psychology is the science of mind and behavior.

Question 2

Environmental Psychology

Answer 2

Environmental psychology (EPS) is the study of transactions between individuals & their
physical settings.

Question 3

Mental processes

Answer 3

Internal experiences such as sensations, dreams, thoughts & feelings etc.

Question 4

430 BC

Answer 4

Hippocrates believed that mental illness is caused by the four major bodily liquids
 Black bile
 Yellow bile
 Phlegm
 Blood

Question 5

387 BC

Answer 5

Plato believed in innate ideas, suggest that
the brain is the seat of mental processes.

Question 6

335 BC (384 BC-322 BC)

Answer 6

Aristotle argued that the heart is the seat
of mental processes.

Question 7

1649 (1596-1650)

Answer 7

Rene Descartes: Pineal glands (small endocrine glands) as a seat of soul. Originated the concept of Dualism, viewed mind & body as interactive machines.

Question 8

1632-1704

Answer 8

John Locke: Knowledge should be acquired by careful observation.

Question 9

1758-1828

Answer 9

Franz Gall: Phrenology-shape of a person’s skull reveals mental faculties and traits.

Question 10

1850 (1809-1882)

Answer 10

Charles Darwin studied the evolution of finches & expands his study to include humans.

Question 11

1859

Answer 11

Charles Darwin studied the origin of species by means of natural selection.

Question 12

1869 (1822-1911)

Answer 12

Francis Galton: Hereditary Genius. Proposed that a system of arranged marriages between men of distinction and women of wealth would eventually produce a gifted race.

Question 13

1879 (1832)

Answer 13

Wilhelm Wundt (father of psychology) Founded first psychology laboratory at
University of Leipzig, Germany (Birth of psychology).

Question 14

Introspection

Answer 14

Careful & systematic observations of one’s own conscious experience.

Question 15

Structuralism

Answer 15

Analyze sensations, images & feelings into their most basic elements. Focus on building blocks/structure of mind. (E.B. Titchener).

Question 16

Functionalism

Answer 16

Underlying causes & practical consequences of certain behaviors & mental strategies: “Stream of Consciousness”. William James (1842-1910)

Question 17

1885

Answer 17

Herman Ebbinghaus Published classic studies on memory, nonsense syllables & learning curve. Proficiency/skillfulness usually increases with increased experience.

Question 18

American Psychological association APA

Answer 18

Founded in 1892: The governing body of all research, not conducted by universities.

Question 19

Eclecticism

Answer 19

Making decisions on the basis of what seems best instead of following some single style.

Question 20

Behaviorism

Answer 20

Ivan Pavlov, 1849-1936. Russian experimenter who showed automatic/involuntary behavior in learned responses to specific stimuli in the environment.

Question 21

Psychoanalytic theory

Answer 21

All behaviors are meaningful, & much of it is controlled by digging below the surface to uncover the roots of personality.

Question 22

Behavioristic theory

Answer 22

Expanded psychology into many groups that could not be studied by introspection/self examination. All behaviors are observable & measurable.

Question 23

Humanistic theory

Answer 23

1950-1960 It emphasizes free-will (people not completely ruled by environment or past experience) able to control one’s own choices & destinies to achieve full human potential (Existentialism).

Question 24

Existentialism (20th century)

Answer 24

A philosophical movement chiefly in Europe; assumes that people are entirely free & thus they are responsible for what they make of themselves.

Question 25

Biopsychological theory

Answer 25

It seeks to understand nervous system. All actions & feelings are associated with nervous system.

Question 26

Cognitive theory

Answer 26

Thinking: How mental thoughts affect behavior.

Question 27

Sociocultural theory

Answer 27

Examines how cultural & political (religious) experience affect our everyday life.