Introduction and Fundamentals of Histopathology Flashcards
:-:
- It is the study of tissues and their structure.
Histology
Group of cells that form during em bryonic development.
Germ layers
GERM LAYERS
- Forms the exoskeleton
ECTODERM
4 types of Tissues:
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
GERM LAYERS
- Develops into organ
MESODERM
GERM LAYERS
- Forms the inner line of organs
ENDODERM
TYPE OF TISSUE
- provides covering; present in the skin, respiratory tract
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
TYPE OF TISSUE
- supports other tissue and bind them together
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPE OF TISSUE
- includes smooth muscles
MUSCULAR TISSUE
TYPE OF TISSUE:
- Nerve cells, carry message to and from various parts of the body
NERVOUS TISSUE
What is the major component of EPITHELIAL TISSUE?
EPITHELIAL CELLS
2 types of Epithelial Tissue
- SIMPLE
- COMPOUND
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Major component :
COLLAGEN
TYPE OF TISSUE
- Tissue that supports, protects and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPE OF TISSUE:
- A specialized tissue, which applies forces to different parts of the body by contraction.
MUSCULAR TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
Major component:
ACTIN & MYOSIN
Major Muscular tissue:
- Skeletal muscle - surround bones
- Visceral Muscle - surround abdominal organs
- Cardiac muscle - surrounds the heart
Minor Muscular tissue:
- Myoephilocyte
- Myofibroblasts
TYPE OF TISSUE:
- Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves; responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.
NERVOUS TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
- major component
NERVE CELLS & GLIAL CELLS
- He is the father of modern pathology
Rudolf Virchow
- Technique by which fixed tissues are made suitable for embedding within a supportive medium such as paraffin, and consists of
TISSUE PROCESSING
- Most common procedure used in the study of tissues
TISSUE SLICES/PREPARATION
- thin, flat slices of fixed and stained tissues or organs mounted on glass slides.
HISTOLOGIC SECTIONS
DIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY
- Macroscopic examination of tissues and organs
GROSS PATHOLOGY
DIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY
- changes in the tissue that can be seen through a microscope.
MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY
DIVISION OF PATHOLOGY
- compositions of body fluids, tissues, secretions, to detect abnormalities that might indicate disease.
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
DIVISION OF PATHOLOGY
- Removal of an organ/tissue in the body for examination ; combination of macroscopic and microscopic exam
Anatomical Pathology
Anatomical Pathology
- Hematology
- Microbiology
- Clinical Chemistry
- Immunology/Serology
- Clinical Microscopy
- Parasitology
4 Aspects of Disease Process:
- Cause or origin of the disease; might be genetic factors or acquired factors
ETIOLOGY
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
- false stratified
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIAL CELL
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
- square shape (immediate exchange of gasses/nutrients) ex. Alveoli, endothelium
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
- more on 3d (ex. Thyroid follicles)
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
ex. Stomach & intestine
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
COMPOUND EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- For keratin formation ( can be Keratinized: skin ; non-keratinized: found in the vagina)
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL TISSUE
COMPOUND EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- Cud be found in sebaceous glands
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL TISSUE
COMPOUND EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- found in barrett’s (conjunctiva, pharynx, anus, and male urethra)
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE
TYPES OF COMPOUND EPITHELIAL TISSSUE
- lines in urinary tract
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL TISSUE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Major component :
COLLAGEN
Motor neurons :
- delivers signals from CNS towards the muscles & glands
Sensory neurons:
Delivers signals from the other parts of the body towards CNS
TISSUE PROCESSSING
-3 sequential steps:
DEHYDRATION
CLEARING
INFILTRATION
4 ASPECTS OF A DISEASE PROCESS
- Structural, biochemical and molecular alterations induced in the cells and organs of the body .
MORPHOLOGIC & MOLECULAR CHANGES
4 ASPECTS OF A DISEASE PROCESS
- Functional consequences of the changes
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
- Changes made by a cell in response to stress or stimuli
- May be physiologic or pathologic
CELLULAR ADAPTATION
FORMS OF ADAPTATION
- Increased Cell size > Increase Organ size
- Due to increased protein synthesis
- Most common stimulus: Increased Workload
HYPERTROPHY
FORMS OF ADAPTATION
- Increased Cell Number > Increased Organ Mass
- Due to proliferative actions of growth factor, and/or stem cells
HYPERPLASIA
FORMS OF ADAPTATION
- Decreased Cell Size & Number > Reduce tissue/organ size
- Due to decreased protein synthesis, and increased protein
ATROPHY
- occurs when cells in the body stop working and die.
CELL DEATH
TYPES OF ADAPTATION
- Change in one cell type to another
- Due to reprogramming of existing stem cells in normal tissue
METAPLASIA
- Alteration in cell structure or function due to stress or pathologic stimuli
CELLULAR INJURY
- Induced by a tightly regulated suicide program in which cells destined to die activate enzymes that degrade the cell’s own proteins and nuclear DNA.
APOPTOSIS
Cardinal Signs:
- Rubor – redness
- Calor – heat
- Tumor – swelling
- Dolor – pain
- Functio laesa – loss of function
- A protective universal response to tissue damage (mechanical trauma, tissue necrosis, infection).
INFLAMMATION
Developmental Defects:
- Incomplete development of the organ
Aplasia
Developmental Defects:
- failure of an organ to develop fully
HYPOPLASIA
ABNORMALITIES IN CELL GROWTH
- Declining from a better to a worse state ; organs are smaller than the normal
RETROGRESSIVE CHANGES
Developmental Defects:
- Complete non-appearance of an organ
Agenesia
Developmental Defects:
- Failure of an organ to form an opening
Atresia
Developmental Defects:
- Acquired decrease of the size of a normally development organ.
Atrophy
SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES:
Primary changes
Secondary changes
ABNORMALITIES IN CELL GROWTH:
- organs become larger than normal.
PROGRESSIVE CHANGES
SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(PRIMARY CHANGES)
- start of death when cardiac function ceases; flat electrocardiogram (ECG), and/or absence of heartbeat is indicative
Circulatory failure
SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(PRIMARY CHANGES):
- decrease O2 and increase CO2; loss of all processes necessary for life;
Respiratory failure
SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(PRIMARY CHANGES)
- loss of coordination and reflexes;
CNS failure
SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(SECONDARY)
- Cooling of the body; decrease in temperature
- Normal rate of cooling: 7°F/hr
ALGOR MORTIS
SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(SECONDARY)
- Stiffening of muscles due to lack of ATP.
RIGOR MORTIS
SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES (SECONDARY):
- Occurs immediately after death; apparent only in autopsy
POST-MORTEM CLOTTING
SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(SECONDARY)
- Purplish discoloration of skin due to blood stasis
LIVOR MORTIS?SUGILLATION
SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(SECONDARY)
- General drying and wrinkling of fluid-filled organs;
DESICCATION
SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(SECONDARY)
- Decomposition of body carried out by microbial action
PUTREFACTION
“Self-destruction”; the self-digestion of the cells by their own enzymes;
