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HISTOPATHOLOGY > Introduction and Fundamentals of Histopathology > Flashcards

Introduction and Fundamentals of Histopathology Flashcards

:-:

1
Q
  • It is the study of tissues and their structure.
A

Histology

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2
Q

Group of cells that form during em bryonic development.

A

Germ layers

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3
Q

GERM LAYERS
- Forms the exoskeleton

A

ECTODERM

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3
Q

4 types of Tissues:

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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4
Q

GERM LAYERS
- Develops into organ

A

MESODERM

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5
Q

GERM LAYERS
- Forms the inner line of organs

A

ENDODERM

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6
Q

TYPE OF TISSUE
- provides covering; present in the skin, respiratory tract

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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7
Q

TYPE OF TISSUE
- supports other tissue and bind them together

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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8
Q

TYPE OF TISSUE
- includes smooth muscles

A

MUSCULAR TISSUE

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9
Q

TYPE OF TISSUE:
- Nerve cells, carry message to and from various parts of the body

A

NERVOUS TISSUE

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10
Q

What is the major component of EPITHELIAL TISSUE?

A

EPITHELIAL CELLS

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11
Q

2 types of Epithelial Tissue

A
  1. SIMPLE
  2. COMPOUND
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12
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Major component :

A

COLLAGEN

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12
Q

TYPE OF TISSUE
- Tissue that supports, protects and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body.

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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13
Q

TYPE OF TISSUE:
- A specialized tissue, which applies forces to different parts of the body by contraction.

A

MUSCULAR TISSUE

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14
Q

MUSCULAR TISSUE
Major component:

A

ACTIN & MYOSIN

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15
Q

Major Muscular tissue:

A
  1. Skeletal muscle - surround bones
  2. Visceral Muscle - surround abdominal organs
  3. Cardiac muscle - surrounds the heart
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16
Q

Minor Muscular tissue:

A
  1. Myoephilocyte
  2. Myofibroblasts
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17
Q

TYPE OF TISSUE:
- Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves; responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.

A

NERVOUS TISSUE

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18
Q

NERVOUS TISSUE
- major component

A

NERVE CELLS & GLIAL CELLS

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19
Q
  • He is the father of modern pathology
A

Rudolf Virchow

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20
Q
  • Technique by which fixed tissues are made suitable for embedding within a supportive medium such as paraffin, and consists of
A

TISSUE PROCESSING

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21
Q
  • Most common procedure used in the study of tissues
A

TISSUE SLICES/PREPARATION

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22
Q
  • thin, flat slices of fixed and stained tissues or organs mounted on glass slides.
A

HISTOLOGIC SECTIONS

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23
Q

DIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY
- Macroscopic examination of tissues and organs

A

GROSS PATHOLOGY

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24
Q

DIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY
- changes in the tissue that can be seen through a microscope.

A

MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY

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25
Q

DIVISION OF PATHOLOGY
- compositions of body fluids, tissues, secretions, to detect abnormalities that might indicate disease.

A

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

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26
Q

DIVISION OF PATHOLOGY
- Removal of an organ/tissue in the body for examination ; combination of macroscopic and microscopic exam

A

Anatomical Pathology

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27
Q

Anatomical Pathology

A
  • Hematology
  • Microbiology
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Immunology/Serology
  • Clinical Microscopy
  • Parasitology
28
Q

4 Aspects of Disease Process:
- Cause or origin of the disease; might be genetic factors or acquired factors

A

ETIOLOGY

29
Q

TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
- false stratified

A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIAL CELL

30
Q

TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
- square shape (immediate exchange of gasses/nutrients) ex. Alveoli, endothelium

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

30
Q

TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
- more on 3d (ex. Thyroid follicles)

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

31
Q

TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
ex. Stomach & intestine

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

32
Q

COMPOUND EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- For keratin formation ( can be Keratinized: skin ; non-keratinized: found in the vagina)

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL TISSUE

32
Q

COMPOUND EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- Cud be found in sebaceous glands

A

STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL TISSUE

33
Q

COMPOUND EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- found in barrett’s (conjunctiva, pharynx, anus, and male urethra)

A

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE

34
Q

TYPES OF COMPOUND EPITHELIAL TISSSUE
- lines in urinary tract

A

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL TISSUE

35
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Major component :

A

COLLAGEN

36
Q

Motor neurons :

A
  • delivers signals from CNS towards the muscles & glands
37
Q

Sensory neurons:

A

Delivers signals from the other parts of the body towards CNS

38
Q

TISSUE PROCESSSING
-3 sequential steps:

A

DEHYDRATION
CLEARING
INFILTRATION

38
Q

4 ASPECTS OF A DISEASE PROCESS
- Structural, biochemical and molecular alterations induced in the cells and organs of the body .

A

MORPHOLOGIC & MOLECULAR CHANGES

39
Q

4 ASPECTS OF A DISEASE PROCESS
- Functional consequences of the changes

A

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

40
Q
  • Changes made by a cell in response to stress or stimuli
  • May be physiologic or pathologic
A

CELLULAR ADAPTATION

41
Q

FORMS OF ADAPTATION
- Increased Cell size > Increase Organ size
- Due to increased protein synthesis
- Most common stimulus: Increased Workload

A

HYPERTROPHY

42
Q

FORMS OF ADAPTATION
- Increased Cell Number > Increased Organ Mass
- Due to proliferative actions of growth factor, and/or stem cells

A

HYPERPLASIA

43
Q

FORMS OF ADAPTATION
- Decreased Cell Size & Number > Reduce tissue/organ size
- Due to decreased protein synthesis, and increased protein

A

ATROPHY

44
Q
  • occurs when cells in the body stop working and die.
A

CELL DEATH

44
Q

TYPES OF ADAPTATION
- Change in one cell type to another
- Due to reprogramming of existing stem cells in normal tissue

A

METAPLASIA

45
Q
  • Alteration in cell structure or function due to stress or pathologic stimuli
A

CELLULAR INJURY

46
Q
  • Induced by a tightly regulated suicide program in which cells destined to die activate enzymes that degrade the cell’s own proteins and nuclear DNA.
A

APOPTOSIS

47
Q

Cardinal Signs:

A
  1. Rubor – redness
  2. Calor – heat
  3. Tumor – swelling
  4. Dolor – pain
  5. Functio laesa – loss of function
48
Q
  • A protective universal response to tissue damage (mechanical trauma, tissue necrosis, infection).
A

INFLAMMATION

49
Q

Developmental Defects:
- Incomplete development of the organ

A

Aplasia

50
Q

Developmental Defects:
- failure of an organ to develop fully

A

HYPOPLASIA

50
Q

ABNORMALITIES IN CELL GROWTH
- Declining from a better to a worse state ; organs are smaller than the normal

A

RETROGRESSIVE CHANGES

51
Q

Developmental Defects:
- Complete non-appearance of an organ

A

Agenesia

52
Q

Developmental Defects:
- Failure of an organ to form an opening

A

Atresia

53
Q

Developmental Defects:
- Acquired decrease of the size of a normally development organ.

A

Atrophy

54
Q

SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES:

A

Primary changes
Secondary changes

55
Q

ABNORMALITIES IN CELL GROWTH:
- organs become larger than normal.

A

PROGRESSIVE CHANGES

56
Q

SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(PRIMARY CHANGES)
- start of death when cardiac function ceases; flat electrocardiogram (ECG), and/or absence of heartbeat is indicative

A

Circulatory failure

57
Q

SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(PRIMARY CHANGES):
- decrease O2 and increase CO2; loss of all processes necessary for life;

A

Respiratory failure

58
Q

SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(PRIMARY CHANGES)
- loss of coordination and reflexes;

A

CNS failure

59
Q

SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(SECONDARY)
- Cooling of the body; decrease in temperature
- Normal rate of cooling: 7°F/hr

A

ALGOR MORTIS

60
Q

SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(SECONDARY)
- Stiffening of muscles due to lack of ATP.

A

RIGOR MORTIS

61
Q

SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES (SECONDARY):
- Occurs immediately after death; apparent only in autopsy

A

POST-MORTEM CLOTTING

61
Q

SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(SECONDARY)
- Purplish discoloration of skin due to blood stasis

A

LIVOR MORTIS?SUGILLATION

62
Q

SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(SECONDARY)
- General drying and wrinkling of fluid-filled organs;

A

DESICCATION

63
Q

SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(SECONDARY)
- Decomposition of body carried out by microbial action

A

PUTREFACTION

64
Q

“Self-destruction”; the self-digestion of the cells by their own enzymes;

A

HISTOPATHOLOGY (5 decks)

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