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#3 Undergraduate Projects 2 > Introduction and descriptive statistics > Flashcards

Introduction and descriptive statistics Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 main types of data in statistics?

A
  • qualitative/categorical
  • quantitative/numerical
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2
Q

what are the types of categorical/qualitative data?

A
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3
Q

what are the types of quantitative/ numerical data?

A
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4
Q

in qualitative/categorical data, if we have 2 categories, what is it called?

A

binary

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5
Q

in qualitative/categorical data, if we have more categories but they are just named, what is it called?

A

nominal

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6
Q

in qualitative/categorical data, if we have categories that have an order, what is it called?

A

ordinal

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7
Q

does qualitative data have anything to do with qualitative research?

A

no - it is 2 different concepts

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8
Q

give an example of categorical data/ qualitative

A
  • Colour of a person’s hair (black, gray, red, blonde, brown, …)
  • Gender of a child (male, female)
  • County of residence of a British citizen (Southeast, Southwest, London, Midlands, Yorkshire, Northeast, Northwest,…)
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9
Q

what is categorical data with only 2 levels called?

A

binary

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10
Q

what is another word for binary data

A

Dichotomous

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11
Q

give examples of binary data

A
  • Dead/alive
  • Treatment/placebo
  • Disease/no disease
  • Exposed/Unexposed
  • Heads/Tails
  • Caries (yes/no)
  • Male/female
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12
Q

categorical data

describe nominal data

A

named categories
order doesnt matter

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13
Q

give examples of nominal data

A
  • The blood type of a patient (O, A, B, AB)
  • Marital status
  • Occupation
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14
Q

categorical data:

describe ordinal data

A

categorical data

order matters

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15
Q

categorical data:

give an example of ordinal data

A
  • Stages of cancer: I, II, III, or IV
  • Birth order: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.
  • Ratings on a scale from 1-5
  • Socio-economic status
  • Education level
  • Age in categories (10-20, 20-30, etc.)
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16
Q

what is Quantitative data?

A

Numerical variables; may be arithmetically manipulated.

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17
Q

give an example of quantitative data

A
  • Number of patients in a dental hospital per day (counts: 0, 1, 2, 3)
  • Survival time of a patient diagnosed with oral cancer (nearest day: 0, 1, 2, …, 10000)
  • Number of teeth (counts: 0,1,2,3,…)
  • Weight of a child: kg
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18
Q

whats a good way of seeing whether data is quantitative/numerical or not?

A

add up the values and if it is numerical then it is probably numerical

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19
Q

quantitative data - what are discrete numbers?

A

a limited set of distinct values, such as whole numbers.

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20
Q

quantitative data - list some examples

A
  • Number of new patients registered in your dental practice in a year (counts)
  • Years of school completed
  • The number of children in the family (cannot have a half a child!)
  • DMFT/DMFS score (total number of teeth or surfaces that are decayed (D), missing (M), or filled (F) in an individual)
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21
Q

Quantitative data - define continuous data

A

Can take on any number within a defined range.

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22
Q

Quantitative data - list some examples

A
  • Time
  • Age
  • Blood pressure
  • Speed of a car
  • Width of a central incisor
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23
Q

What types of data is the following (binary, nominal, ordinal, numerical discrete or numerical continuous)?

number of teeth

A

discrete

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24
Q

What types of data is the following (binary, nominal, ordinal, numerical discrete or numerical continuous)?

age

A

continuous

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25
What types of data is the following (binary, nominal, ordinal, numerical discrete or numerical continuous)? (age last birthday (years))
discrete
26
What types of data is the following (binary, nominal, ordinal, numerical discrete or numerical continuous)? Has patient visited their dentist in the last year?
binary
27
What types of data is the following (binary, nominal, ordinal, numerical discrete or numerical continuous)? Socio-economic status
ordinal
28
What types of data is the following (binary, nominal, ordinal, numerical discrete or numerical continuous)? Pocket depth
continuous
29
What types of data is the following (binary, nominal, ordinal, numerical discrete or numerical continuous)? Hardness of filling material
This depend on how you measure hardness? In numerical values or in category?
30
What types of data is the following (binary, nominal, ordinal, numerical discrete or numerical continuous)? Colour of filling material
nominal
31
What types of data is the following (binary, nominal, ordinal, numerical discrete or numerical continuous)? Type of radiograph
nominal
32
What types of data is the following (binary, nominal, ordinal, numerical discrete or numerical continuous)? Calcium : phosphorus ratio in teeth
continuous
33
What types of data is the following (binary, nominal, ordinal, numerical discrete or numerical continuous)? Severity of gum disease
ordinal
34
define Descriptive statistics
they are methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data in a convenient and informative way.
35
what are the 2 methods of Descriptive statistics
- Graphical Techniques (visualization of data) - Numerical Techniques (using numeric and tabular form)
36
The actual method used for descriptive statistics depends on what information we would like to extract. what 2 measures are we insterested in? (descriptive stats help to answer these questions)
measure(s) of central location? and/or measure(s) of variability (dispersion)?
37
what does data visualization mean?
looking at data
38
during data visualisation, we are looking at how the data is distributed what is meant by this? (3)
Where is the center? What is the range? What’s the shape of the distribution?
39
during data visualisation, other than looking at how the data is distributed, what other 2 things are we looking at?
Are there “outliers”? Are there data points that don’t make sense?
40
frequency plots - what kind of plots do we use for categorical data?
bar chart
41
frequency plots - what kind of plots do we use for continuous data?
Histogram Box Plot
42
why would we use histograms or box plot for continuous data?
To show the distribution (shape, center, range, variation) of continuous data/variables.
43
Distribution Shape and Box-and-Whisker Plot show the same thing
44
visualising data/ summary measures when describing data numerically, what 2 things would we focus on?
central tendancy variation
45
list the 3 measures of central tendancy
Mean Median Mode
46
how do we calculate the mean
47
what is the mean affected by?
The mean is affected by extreme values (outliers)
48
define the median
the exact middle value
49
what is the median calculation?
If there are an odd number of observations, find the middle value If there are an even number of observations, find the middle two values and average them
50
is the median affected by extreme values/ outliers?
no
51
define mode
the value that occurs most frequently
52
is mode affected by extreme values?
no
53
what type of data can mode be used for?
either numerical or categorical
54
what is the most common measure of central tendancy?
mean
55
when would median be used?
when we have extreme outliers
56
what is the relation between mean, median and mode?
no relation between them
57
define the measures of dispersion
Measures of variation give information on the spread or variability of the data values.
58
list the measures of dispersion
59
Quartiles what is the first quartile?
Q1, is the value for which 25% of the observations are smaller and 75% are larger
60
Quartiles what is the second quartile?
Q2 is the same as the median (50% are smaller, 50% are larger)
61
Quartiles what is the third quartile?
Only 25% of the observations are greater than the third quartile Q3
62
how is interquartile range calculated?
63
what may interuatile range be represented by?
box plot
64
define sample variance
Average (roughly) of squared deviations of values from the mean
65
why do we square deviations?
66
define Standard Deviation
square root of sample variance
67
why is standard deviation the most commpnly used measure of deviation?
Shows variation about the mean Has the same units as the original data
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a
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what is the role of the shape of a distribution?
* Describes how data are distributed * Measures of shape * Symmetric or skewed
71
if the distribution is left-skewed, what does that indicate about the relationship between the mean and median?
72
if the distribution is symmetric, what does that indicate about the relationship between the mean and median?
73
if the distribution is right-skewed, what does that indicate about the relationship between the mean and median?
74
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c
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a

#3 Undergraduate Projects 2 (7 decks)

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