Introduction And Choosing Research Topics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

The prediction about the relationship between variables.

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2
Q

What are the types of data?

A

✨Primary Data
✨Secondary Data
✨Quantitative Data
✨Qualitaive Data

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3
Q

What is Primary Data?

A

Data collected by the researcher first hand. It is the first production and it did not exist previously. You can use Interviews, Questionnaires, Observations and Experiments to get primary data.

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4
Q

What are the benefits and problems of Primary Data?

A

Benefits
✨New data collected by researcher
✨Reduces confusion as it is your own data
✨More reliable and valid as you can choose your own data collection method

Problems
✨Can be time consuming and expensive
✨Some methods may put the researcher in a dangerous situation
✨May be increased bias if the researcher’s own values mess with the research process
✨My be unethical if you do not get informed consent

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5
Q

What is Secondary Data?

A

Data that has already been collected by others. Secondary sources include official statistics, diaries, memoirs, emails, TV documentaries and newspapers.

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6
Q

What are benefits and problems of Secondary Data?

A

Benefits
✨Readily available so it is quick and easy to collect
✨You can study past events and compare past and present events
✨Do not have to worry about informed consent
✨Not as expensive as primary data

Problems
✨Existing data may not be reliable or valid
✨Documents may not be authentic, representative or credible
✨You may not be able to find the information you need

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7
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Numerical data, it is quantifiable, more objective and value free

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8
Q

What are benefits and problems of quantitative data?

A

Benefits
✨Objective as it is numerical
✨Can see patterns easier and it is easier to manage
✨Easier to repeat, more reliable
✨Allow large samples

Problems
✨Cannot find the meanings behind the number

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9
Q

What is Qualitative Data?

A

Non-numerical data, more subjective as based on individual interpretation.

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10
Q

What are the benefits and problems of qualitative data?

A

Benefits
✨Highly detailed
✨High in Validity
✨Find out meaning and motives behind behaviour
✨Qualitative methods allow you build trust and research sensitive topics

Problems
✨Open to bias
✨Hard to repeat and not very reliable
✨Research is very small scale

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11
Q
A
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12
Q
A
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13
Q

What the PET Factors?

A

Practical Factors
Ethical Factors
Theoretical Factors

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14
Q

What are Practical Factors?

A

✨Time - data has to be collected to a deadline
✨Money - the researcher may need to use there own persoanl money to fund travel/food expenses
✨Requirements for funding bodies
✨Personal Skills and characteristics - being approachable, non-judgemental, being a good listener, learning how to respond to challenging situations
✨Subject Matter - Gender, age, social class, ethnicity, accent, general knowledge about a location
✨Research Opportunity/Accessibilty- it must be possible to identify and then gain access to a group of people

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15
Q

What are ethical factors?

A

✨Informed Consent - must be fully aware of what is happening within the research and have the right to refuse
✨Deception - misleading them, keeping aspects of the research hidden from the participant and with holding the truth
✨Confidentiality and Privacy - data protection act 1998
✨Effect on participants - police evolvement, employment prospects, psychological or physical harm
✨Vulnerable groups - consent must be provided, language should be used so the vulnerable person can understand.

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16
Q

What are theoretical factors?

A

✨Reliabilty - be repeated
✨Validity - how truthful
✨Representativeness - are people being studied ‘typical’ of that research population?

17
Q

What is Quota Sampling?

A

When people are selected according to specific characteristics, but not randomly.

18
Q

What is Random Sampling?

A

When everyone has an equal chance of being selected for research, such as drawing names out of a hat or a computer programme designed to select random numbers.

19
Q

What is Systematic Sampling?

A

Where names are chosen at random from a sampling frame, such as every tenth name.

20
Q

What is Snowball Sampling?

A

Where a few people are identified to take part in some research and then recommend or introduce the researcher to another person to participate.

21
Q

What is Stratifed Sampling?

A

Where the researcher looks at characteristics of a given population and mirrors the proportions of it in their sample.

22
Q

What is Quasi-random Sampling?

A

Names are selected at regular intervals until a sample size is reached. It has a random starting point ad a fixed periodic interval.

23
Q

What is Opportunistic Sampling?

A

Finds participants that are easily found. Deliberately easy to access.