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A&P I > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis*

A

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment.

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2
Q

Four most common elements

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen (CHNO)

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3
Q

Six essential elements

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur (CHNOPS)

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4
Q

Most important molecules

A

Water (inorganic), Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, and nucleic acids

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5
Q

Hierarchy of Structural Organization (smallest to largest)

A

Atoms, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism

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6
Q

Cell

A

Smallest LIVING unit of the body

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7
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest units of matter

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8
Q

Molecules

A

Formed by joining 2 or more atoms by chemical bonds

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9
Q

Tissue*

A

A group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure

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10
Q

4 Primary Tissue Types*

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

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11
Q

Organ

A

Two or more tissue types organized together to perform a particular function/functions

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12
Q

Mechanistic Physiology

A

“The How”
Explains the cause & effect of a physiological process
(more complex than teleological physiology)

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13
Q

Teleological Physiology

A

“The Why”

Explains the PURPOSE of a physiological process

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14
Q

Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy

A

Visible with little or no aid. (Surface anatomy)

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15
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

anatomical structures in a region

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16
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

anatomical structures of an ORGAN SYSTEM

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17
Q

Anatomy

A

study of body structures

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18
Q

Physiology

A

study of body functions

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19
Q

Organ system

A

Groups of organs that perform related functions

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20
Q

What are all the Organ Systems of the Body?

A

Circulatory, Digestive, Endocrine, Immune, Integumentary, Muscle, Skeletal, Nervous, Reproductive, Respiratory, Urinary

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21
Q

Aerobic Respiration Equation*

A

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) —-> 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + ATP (Energy)

22
Q

What is the relationship between CO2 (carbon dioxide) and PH or the blood?*

A

When H2O and CO2 react, they produce H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which lowers PH due to the increased acidity of the blood. (The more CO2 the more carbonic acid and the lower the PH.)

23
Q

Bicarbonate Buffer System for a change in PH of the blood

A

H2CO3 (carbonic acid) HCO3- (Bicarbonate) + H+

The reaction goes right when basic and goes left when acidic.

See BIO Module 5

24
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

fluid outside cells

25
Q

Two components of extracellular fluid

A

1) Plasma

2) Interstitial fluid (ISF)

26
Q

Plasma

A

liquid portion of blood & a component of the ECF

27
Q

Interstitial fluid (ISF)

A

the fluid between cells & a component of the ECF

28
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

the fluid inside the cell

29
Q

Two primary systems that maintain homeostasis

A

1) Nervous

2) Endocrine

30
Q

Nervous system maintains homeostasis by….

A

NEURONS control/coordinate bodily activities that require RAPID RESPONSES.

Usually seen when there in a drastic change in the external environment.
(Instant, immediate reaction)

31
Q

Endocrine system maintains homeostasis by…

A

Secreting ENDOCRINE GLANDS regulate activities that require DURATION rather than speed.

Usually controls concentration of nutrients and internal environments volume/electrolyte concentration.
(Hormones, long term, slower reaction)

32
Q

Homeostasis Body Parameters*

A 
pO2= 100mmHg
pCO2= 40mmHg
PH= 7.35-7.45 (Average &.4)
Blood Volume= 4-6 Liters (Average 5L)
Blood Pressure= 120/80mmHg
Temperature= 37 degrees Celsius
33
Q

Homeostatic Control Systems

A

Networks of body components working together to maintain a given factor in the internal environment directed at an optimal set level.

34
Q

Homeostatic control systems must…

A

Detect deviations
Integrate this information
Make appropriate adjustments

35
Q

Two classes of homeostatic control systems

A

1) Intrinsic controls

2) Extrinsic controls

36
Q

Intrinsic controls

A

Local controls inherent WITHIN an organ that primarily benefit the organ

37
Q

Extrinsic controls

A

Regulatory mechanisms initiated OUTSIDE an organ that tend to benefit the organism but not the organs.

38
Q

Feedforward

A

responses made in anticipation of a change

39
Q

Feedback

A

responses made after change has been detected

40
Q

Two types of feedback

A

1) Negative Feedback Loop (NFbL)

2) Positive Feedback Loop (PFbL)

41
Q

Negative Feedback Loop (NFbL)

A

Changes that move away from the reference value are attenuated (reduced).
Original stimulus is ALLEVIATED.
Most common of the feedback systems (95%)
Used for conditions that need frequent adjustment

42
Q

Positive Feedback Loop (PFbL)

A

Changes that move a value away from reference value are enhanced.
Original stimulus is INTENSIFIED.
Less common.

43
Q

Components of a Negative Feedback System*

A 
Stimulus 
Receptor 
Afferent Pathway
Control Center (integration center)
Efferent Pathway
Effector
Response
44
Q

Stimulus

A

A change

45
Q

Receptor

A

structure that monitors a controlled condition and detects a change

46
Q

Afferent Pathway

A

the means to communicate information about the change from he receptor to the control center (can be neurons or blood)

47
Q

Control center (Integration center)

A

Determines next action (Brain/Spinal cord or Endocrine gland)

48
Q

Efferent pathway

A

the means to send a signal from the integration center to the effector organ

49
Q

Effector

A

the organ or tissue that receives directions from the control center and produces a response

50
Q

Response

A

the output that REMOVES the original stimulus

51
Q

Negative Feedback Loop Example

A

High Blood Pressure NFbL
Stimulus= increase in blood pressure (hypertension)
Receptors= Baroreceptors in walls of blood vessels detect increase in BP
Afferent Pathway= Vagus Nerve (sensory)
Integrating center= CNS (medulla oblongata)
Efferent pathway= Vagus Nerve (motor)
Effector= Cardiac muscle of heart
Response= Decrease in heart rate (which reduced BP)
Feedback: Decrease in BP (relieving initial stimulus)

A&P I (5 decks)

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