Introduction

Question 1

Homeostasis*

Answer 1

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment.

Question 2

Four most common elements

Answer 2

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen (CHNO)

Question 3

Six essential elements

Answer 3

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur (CHNOPS)

Question 4

Most important molecules

Answer 4

Water (inorganic), Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, and nucleic acids

Question 5

Hierarchy of Structural Organization (smallest to largest)

Answer 5

Atoms, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism

Question 6

Cell

Answer 6

Smallest LIVING unit of the body

Question 7

Atoms

Answer 7

Smallest units of matter

Question 8

Molecules

Answer 8

Formed by joining 2 or more atoms by chemical bonds

Question 9

Tissue*

Answer 9

A group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure

Question 10

4 Primary Tissue Types*

Answer 10

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Question 11

Organ

Answer 11

Two or more tissue types organized together to perform a particular function/functions

Question 12

Mechanistic Physiology

Answer 12

“The How”
Explains the cause & effect of a physiological process
(more complex than teleological physiology)

Question 13

Teleological Physiology

Answer 13

“The Why”

Explains the PURPOSE of a physiological process

Question 14

Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy

Answer 14

Visible with little or no aid. (Surface anatomy)

Question 15

Regional Anatomy

Answer 15

anatomical structures in a region

Question 16

Systemic Anatomy

Answer 16

anatomical structures of an ORGAN SYSTEM

Question 17

Anatomy

Answer 17

study of body structures

Question 18

Physiology

Answer 18

study of body functions

Question 19

Organ system

Answer 19

Groups of organs that perform related functions

Question 20

What are all the Organ Systems of the Body?

Answer 20

Circulatory, Digestive, Endocrine, Immune, Integumentary, Muscle, Skeletal, Nervous, Reproductive, Respiratory, Urinary

Question 21

Aerobic Respiration Equation*

Answer 21

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) —-> 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + ATP (Energy)

Question 22

What is the relationship between CO2 (carbon dioxide) and PH or the blood?*

Answer 22

When H2O and CO2 react, they produce H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which lowers PH due to the increased acidity of the blood. (The more CO2 the more carbonic acid and the lower the PH.)

Question 23

Bicarbonate Buffer System for a change in PH of the blood

Answer 23

H2CO3 (carbonic acid) HCO3- (Bicarbonate) + H+

The reaction goes right when basic and goes left when acidic.

See BIO Module 5

Question 24

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Answer 24

fluid outside cells

Question 25

Two components of extracellular fluid

Answer 25

1) Plasma | 2) Interstitial fluid (ISF)

Question 26

Plasma

Answer 26

liquid portion of blood & a component of the ECF

Question 27

Interstitial fluid (ISF)

Answer 27

the fluid between cells & a component of the ECF

Question 28

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 28

the fluid inside the cell

Question 29

Two primary systems that maintain homeostasis

Answer 29

1) Nervous | 2) Endocrine

Question 30

Nervous system maintains homeostasis by....

Answer 30

NEURONS control/coordinate bodily activities that require RAPID RESPONSES. Usually seen when there in a drastic change in the external environment. (Instant, immediate reaction)

Question 31

Endocrine system maintains homeostasis by...

Answer 31

Secreting ENDOCRINE GLANDS regulate activities that require DURATION rather than speed. Usually controls concentration of nutrients and internal environments volume/electrolyte concentration. (Hormones, long term, slower reaction)

Question 32

Homeostasis Body Parameters*

Answer 32

``` pO2= 100mmHg pCO2= 40mmHg PH= 7.35-7.45 (Average &.4) Blood Volume= 4-6 Liters (Average 5L) Blood Pressure= 120/80mmHg Temperature= 37 degrees Celsius ```

Question 33

Homeostatic Control Systems

Answer 33

Networks of body components working together to maintain a given factor in the internal environment directed at an optimal set level.

Question 34

Homeostatic control systems must...

Answer 34

Detect deviations Integrate this information Make appropriate adjustments

Question 35

Two classes of homeostatic control systems

Answer 35

1) Intrinsic controls | 2) Extrinsic controls

Question 36

Intrinsic controls

Answer 36

Local controls inherent WITHIN an organ that primarily benefit the organ

Question 37

Extrinsic controls

Answer 37

Regulatory mechanisms initiated OUTSIDE an organ that tend to benefit the organism but not the organs.

Question 38

Feedforward

Answer 38

responses made in anticipation of a change

Question 39

Feedback

Answer 39

responses made after change has been detected

Question 40

Two types of feedback

Answer 40

1) Negative Feedback Loop (NFbL) | 2) Positive Feedback Loop (PFbL)

Question 41

Negative Feedback Loop (NFbL)

Answer 41

Changes that move away from the reference value are attenuated (reduced). Original stimulus is ALLEVIATED. Most common of the feedback systems (95%) Used for conditions that need frequent adjustment

Question 42

Positive Feedback Loop (PFbL)

Answer 42

Changes that move a value away from reference value are enhanced. Original stimulus is INTENSIFIED. Less common.

Question 43

Components of a Negative Feedback System*

Answer 43

``` Stimulus Receptor Afferent Pathway Control Center (integration center) Efferent Pathway Effector Response ```

Question 44

Stimulus

Answer 44

A change

Question 45

Receptor

Answer 45

structure that monitors a controlled condition and detects a change

Question 46

Afferent Pathway

Answer 46

the means to communicate information about the change from he receptor to the control center (can be neurons or blood)

Question 47

Control center (Integration center)

Answer 47

Determines next action (Brain/Spinal cord or Endocrine gland)

Question 48

Efferent pathway

Answer 48

the means to send a signal from the integration center to the effector organ

Question 49

Effector

Answer 49

the organ or tissue that receives directions from the control center and produces a response

Question 50

Response

Answer 50

the output that REMOVES the original stimulus

Question 51

Negative Feedback Loop Example

Answer 51

High Blood Pressure NFbL Stimulus= increase in blood pressure (hypertension) Receptors= Baroreceptors in walls of blood vessels detect increase in BP Afferent Pathway= Vagus Nerve (sensory) Integrating center= CNS (medulla oblongata) Efferent pathway= Vagus Nerve (motor) Effector= Cardiac muscle of heart Response= Decrease in heart rate (which reduced BP) Feedback: Decrease in BP (relieving initial stimulus)