Introduction

Question 1

Is aging a disease

Answer 1

No, it is a normal physiological process

Question 2

Common diseases associated with ageing

Answer 2

Visual/h earing impairments
Arthritis, physical/mental impairment,
Infections

Question 3

Définition of ageing

Answer 3

Collection of changes that render humans progressively more likely to die

Question 4

Senescence

Answer 4

Biological processes and Molecular phenotypes behind the aging process

Question 5

Triggers of ageing

Answer 5

Stress
Exogenous(Radiations UV etc
Endogenous(ROS

Question 6

Mechanism of ageing

Answer 6

This triggers cause DNA and cellular damage which can cause cancer. The body response to this by increasing antitumoral genes which block the cell cycle leading to cellular senescence

Question 7

Cellular mechanism in immune aging

Answer 7

1) cell autonomous (changes in individual cells)

2) population based(alteration in cell renewal)

Question 8

Mechanism of cell renewal

Answer 8

Immune cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells. However alteration in the process by failure of self renewal, aberrant differentiation, senescence /apoptosis can lead to immune aging over time ,

Question 9

Molecular mechanism of aging

Answer 9

Accumulation of oxidative radicals, and mitochondria dysfn damages the DNA or shortens the telomeres affecting cell division

Question 10

Effect of aging on the adaptive immune system

Answer 10

Diversity is shaped by previous encounters with pathogens due to accumulation of memory cells. This causes shrinking of the repertoire increasing susceptibility to new infections

Question 11

Effects of aging on the primary lymphoid tissue

Answer 11

1)involution of the thymus
2)decrease hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow
This leads to decrease release of polyclonal lymphocytes and expansion of oligonal memory cells

Question 12

Why is there increase baseline Inflammation in aging

Answer 12

Increase release of DAMPs which leads to increase activation of inflammation. This causes impaired pathogen control

Question 13

Immune senescence

Answer 13

Age related loss of immune function with increase predisposition to emerging infections and poor immune response to vaccine

Question 14

Xtic of a good study model

Answer 14

Reflect and recapitulate the biological system that it addresses

Question 15

Types of immune senescence models

Answer 15

Depend on the question.

1) Cell or tissue models for specific cells
2) in vivo studies(involve many cell types) e. g rodent models
3) for diseases specific to humans(use of primates like monkeys)

Question 16

How to choose your model

Answer 16

Depends on your research question 1) KO(to define molecular mechanism)
2) can your question be addressed by a rodent model

Question 17

Pros of primate models

Answer 17

1) closely related to humans
2) invivo manipulations might be accepted
3) also have a long lifespan

Question 18

Cons of primate models

Answer 18

1) expensive

2) strong ethical restrictions, suboptimal availability of reagents

Question 19

Pros of mouse model

Answer 19

1) can be used to study molecular mechanisms in KO mice
2) quick breeding
3) easy transfer of tissue with limited or no MHC restrictions in inbred

Question 20

Cons of mouse model

Answer 20

1) phlogeneticaly quite distant from humans
2) Hygiene conditions for breeding are more strict
3) short life span

Question 21

Anti aging therapy

Answer 21

1) stem cell therapy. Has a high risk tfor cancer
2) Thymic fxn improvement
3) calories or mTor suppressors. Rapamycin extends life span in mice, but can cause immune suppression
2) caloric restrictions reduces aging