Aging and vaccination

Question 1

Aging increases the occurrence of infectious and non infectious diseases

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Leading cause of diseases in 2017

Answer 2

Non communicable diseases(ischaemic heart disease, stroke, COPD)

Question 3

Infection increases the risk of non communicable diseases

Answer 3

True. For example, acute Influenza infection increases the risk of CVD

Question 4

Describe the mechanism by which infections increases Non communicable diseases

Answer 4

Based on the presence of preexisting plaques. Infection causes vascular inflammation leading to plaque rupture and thromboembolis

Question 5

Influenza vaccination decrease the risk of CVD

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Herpes zoster increases the long term risk of CVDs

Answer 6

True, especially in adults above 40

Question 7

Mechanism of varicella zoster

Answer 7

Reactivation of varicella causes release of prothrombottic antibodies, immune complex formation, spread of infection to the cerebral arteries leading to thickened intima, and disrupted internal mb and finally thrombosis.

Effective vaccination decreases this risk especially in those between 65-69

Question 8

At what age is increase is of infection disease start being observed

Answer 8

Mid 30s

Question 9

Enumerate main differences between the immune system of young and old

Answer 9

1) fewer dendritic cells
2) few macrophages
3) fewer naive T cells
4) lower plasma cells causing lower levels of abs

Question 10

Difference in B cells bw children and old

Answer 10

Children have high naive b cells, low memory b cells, can effectively respond to new pathogen in contrast to the old

Question 11

What is inflammaging

Answer 11

low-grade chronic systemic inflammation established during physiological aging. Altered levels of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6 and TNF-α), acute-phase reactants (C-reactive protein [CRP]), and decreases in IL-10 impair the maintenance of immunological homeostasis.

Question 12

Mechanism of inflammaging

Answer 12

This is theorized, in part, due to resistance to apoptosis induced damage and not T cell exhaustion

Question 13

What are senescence cells

Answer 13

Senescent cells are cells that have entered a state of irreversibly arrested cell proliferation and altered function as a consequence of many of the stresses that are known to increase with age

Question 14

Triggers of senescence

Answer 14

genomic or epigenomic damage, oxygen metabolites, oncogene activation, inflammasome activation, defective autophagy, defective ubiquitin/proteasome system, metabolic imbalance, and mitochondrial dysfunction

Question 15

Factors contributing to age

Answer 15

Genetics, nutrition, comorbidiities, physical exercise, drugs,

Question 16

What are the determinants of biological age

Answer 16

Genetics and environmental factors

Question 17

Examples of vaccine recommended to the old to reduce mortality

Answer 17

Pneumococcus, tetanus, diphtheria, hepatitis A/B, Influenza

Question 18

Vaccine improving quality of life

Answer 18

Pertussis, shingles

Question 19

At what age is varicella vaccine most potent in the old

Answer 19

50-59years(70%)

60-69(64%)

Question 20

Describe the methods used in improving vaccine response in adults

Answer 20

1) vaccine formulation with higher contents
2) vaccinew with adjuvants
3) Using alternative administration routes like intra dermal improve access to dendritic cells and macrophages in the skin

Question 21

Adjuvants

Answer 21

Substances that enhance and modulate immune response to vaccine antigens

Question 22

What are adjuvant systems

Answer 22

Adjuvants that mimic specific immune responses

Question 23

Most common adjuvant

Answer 23

Aluminum salt, mostly used in children, but are usually not very efficient in adults

Question 24

What are the main xtics of adjuvant systems

Answer 24

1) compose of multiple adjuvants
2) Tailored to trigger specific immune responses
3) Tailored for different age groups

Question 25

Example of adjuvant systems

Answer 25

1)Adjuvant system01(AS01) compose of bacterial liposomes+immunostimulant MPL derived from bacterial liposac+immostimulant QS-21(saponin derived from soap bark tree)
This adjuvant system has increased the response to this adjuvants systems

Question 26

Recombinant varicella vaccine last for up to 4 years

Answer 26

True