Introduction Flashcards
What are the components of the urinary system?
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
What are the functions of the urinary system?
- removes metabolic waste from blood by filtration and excretion
- regulates plasma electrolytes and blood pressure (by renin angiotensin mechanism)
- helps to stabilize the PH
- reabsorption of small molecules (amino acids, glucose, and peptides)
- produces erythropoietin (a stimulant of RBC production by bone marrow)
Where do the kidneys lie?
T12-L3
Which kidney is lower is position?
Right due to the lliver
How are the kidneys peritonised?
Retroperitoneal but only partially peritonised due to anterior relations
What are the anterior relations of the kidneys?
- suprarenal glands
- stomach
- spleen
- small intestine
- liver
- pancreas
- colon
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What are the posterior relations of the kidneys?
- 12th rib
- subcostal nerves
- iliohypogastric nerve
- ilioinguinal nerve
- muscles
Name the layers you would see in cross-section of the kidney and surrounding tissue.
- kidney
- renal capsule
- perirenal fat
- renal fascia
- pararenal fat
What is the outer surface of the kidney called?
Cortex
What is the internal structure of the kidney?
Medulla
- Pyramids (10-18)
- Papilla
- Minor calyx
- Major calyx
- Pelvis
- Ureter
What are the constrictions of the ureter?
- Ureter passes over inferior renal pole (abdominal part)
- Ureter crosses over external iliac vessels (pelvic part)
- Ureter transverses the bladder wall (intramural part)
What arteries supply the ureters?
- Renal
- Ovarian/testicular
- Abdominal aorta
What veins drain the ureters?
Renal and ovarian/testicular
What is present at the renal hilum, anterior to posterior?
- Renal vein
- Renal artery
- Pelvis
What are the renal arteries branches of?
Abdominal aorta
How do the renal arteries supply the kidneys?
- Segmental branches (x5)
- Interlobar
- Arcuate branches pass around the circumference
- Interlobular branches which ultimately supply each nephron.
- Essentially non-anastomosing
What veins drain the kidneys?
Renal veins
What do the renal veins drain into?
Inferior vena cava
What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys?
Lateral aortic lymph nodes
What is the nerve supply of the kidneys?
- Renal plexus: sympathetic T10-L1
- Sensory afferent: T11-L2
What embryological remnants are there in the urinary bladder?
- Median umbilical ligament? = Embryonic Urachus
- Two medial umbilical folds = Occluded umbilical artery
- Two lateral umbilical folds = Inferior epigastric vessels
What is the nervous supply to the internal urethral sphincter?
- Parasymptathetic S2-S4
- Sympathetic T10-L2
What is the nervous supply to the external urethral sphincter?
Somatic S2-S4
What is the nervous supply to the detrusor muscle?
- Sympathetic T10-L2
- Parasympathetic S2-S4
What does the prostatic urethra receive?
Ejaculatory duct (vas deference and seminal vesicle)
Which nerve constricts the detrusor muscle during micturition?
Parasympathetic nerves
What nerve constricts the internal urethral sphincter during ejaculation?
Sympathetic nerves
Which is the narrowest part of the urethra in the male?
Membranous part
What vertebral level does the transpyloric plane pass through
L1
What makes up the nephron?
Renal corpuscles and renal tubules
What makes up the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus and bowman’s capsule
What makes up the uriniferous tubule?
Nephron and collecting duct
What is present on histology of the cortex of the kidney?
- Renal corpuscles
- Proximal convoluted tubules (cuboidal+ microvilli)
- Distal convoluted tubules (cuboidal)
- Collecting tubule(cuboidal)
What is present on histology of the kidney medulla?
- Proximal convoluted tubules
- Distal convoluted tubules
- Loop of Henle (thin segment=squamous epithelium)
- Collecting tubule
What is present on histology of the ureter?
- Transitional epithelium
- Star shaped lumen
- Inner longitudinal smooth muscle (SM)
- Outer circular SM
What is present on histology of the bladder?
- Transitional epithelium
- Inner longitudinal (IL) smooth muscle (SM)
- Middle circular(MC) SM
- Outer longitudinal (OL) SM
What are important markers of kidney disease?
-High protein (albumin) level (urine)/proteinuria
-Glomerular filtration rate ( GFR)
(increased level of serum creatinine/urea).
Give examples of renal pathology.
- Urinary tract infection (UTI)
- Glomerulonephritis
- Kidney stone/renal calculi
- Kidney failure and dialysis
- Urinary incontinence: common after childbirth/ old age/in female
