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renal system > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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2
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • removes metabolic waste from blood by filtration and excretion
  • regulates plasma electrolytes and blood pressure (by renin angiotensin mechanism)
  • helps to stabilize the PH
  • reabsorption of small molecules (amino acids, glucose, and peptides)
  • produces erythropoietin (a stimulant of RBC production by bone marrow)
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3
Q

Where do the kidneys lie?

A

T12-L3

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4
Q

Which kidney is lower is position?

A

Right due to the lliver

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5
Q

How are the kidneys peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal but only partially peritonised due to anterior relations

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6
Q

What are the anterior relations of the kidneys?

A
  • suprarenal glands
  • stomach
  • spleen
  • small intestine
  • liver
  • pancreas
  • colon

s4lpc

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7
Q

What are the posterior relations of the kidneys?

A
  • 12th rib
  • subcostal nerves
  • iliohypogastric nerve
  • ilioinguinal nerve
  • muscles
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8
Q

Name the layers you would see in cross-section of the kidney and surrounding tissue.

A
  • kidney
  • renal capsule
  • perirenal fat
  • renal fascia
  • pararenal fat
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9
Q

What is the outer surface of the kidney called?

A

Cortex

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10
Q

What is the internal structure of the kidney?

A

Medulla

  • Pyramids (10-18)
  • Papilla
  • Minor calyx
  • Major calyx
  • Pelvis
  • Ureter
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11
Q

What are the constrictions of the ureter?

A
  • Ureter passes over inferior renal pole (abdominal part)
  • Ureter crosses over external iliac vessels (pelvic part)
  • Ureter transverses the bladder wall (intramural part)
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12
Q

What arteries supply the ureters?

A
  • Renal
  • Ovarian/testicular
  • Abdominal aorta
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13
Q

What veins drain the ureters?

A

Renal and ovarian/testicular

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14
Q

What is present at the renal hilum, anterior to posterior?

A
  • Renal vein
  • Renal artery
  • Pelvis
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15
Q

What are the renal arteries branches of?

A

Abdominal aorta

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16
Q

How do the renal arteries supply the kidneys?

A
  • Segmental branches (x5)
  • Interlobar
  • Arcuate branches pass around the circumference
  • Interlobular branches which ultimately supply each nephron.
  • Essentially non-anastomosing
17
Q

What veins drain the kidneys?

A

Renal veins

18
Q

What do the renal veins drain into?

A

Inferior vena cava

19
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys?

A

Lateral aortic lymph nodes

20
Q

What is the nerve supply of the kidneys?

A
  • Renal plexus: sympathetic T10-L1

- Sensory afferent: T11-L2

21
Q

What embryological remnants are there in the urinary bladder?

A
  • Median umbilical ligament? = Embryonic Urachus
  • Two medial umbilical folds = Occluded umbilical artery
  • Two lateral umbilical folds = Inferior epigastric vessels
22
Q

What is the nervous supply to the internal urethral sphincter?

A
  • Parasymptathetic S2-S4

- Sympathetic T10-L2

23
Q

What is the nervous supply to the external urethral sphincter?

A

Somatic S2-S4

24
Q

What is the nervous supply to the detrusor muscle?

A
  • Sympathetic T10-L2

- Parasympathetic S2-S4

25
Q

What does the prostatic urethra receive?

A

Ejaculatory duct (vas deference and seminal vesicle)

26
Q

Which nerve constricts the detrusor muscle during micturition?

A

Parasympathetic nerves

27
Q

What nerve constricts the internal urethral sphincter during ejaculation?

A

Sympathetic nerves

28
Q

Which is the narrowest part of the urethra in the male?

A

Membranous part

29
Q

What vertebral level does the transpyloric plane pass through

A

L1

30
Q

What makes up the nephron?

A

Renal corpuscles and renal tubules

31
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

32
Q

What makes up the uriniferous tubule?

A

Nephron and collecting duct

33
Q

What is present on histology of the cortex of the kidney?

A
  • Renal corpuscles
  • Proximal convoluted tubules (cuboidal+ microvilli)
  • Distal convoluted tubules (cuboidal)
  • Collecting tubule(cuboidal)
34
Q

What is present on histology of the kidney medulla?

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubules
  • Distal convoluted tubules
  • Loop of Henle (thin segment=squamous epithelium)
  • Collecting tubule
35
Q

What is present on histology of the ureter?

A
  • Transitional epithelium
  • Star shaped lumen
  • Inner longitudinal smooth muscle (SM)
  • Outer circular SM
36
Q

What is present on histology of the bladder?

A
  • Transitional epithelium
  • Inner longitudinal (IL) smooth muscle (SM)
  • Middle circular(MC) SM
  • Outer longitudinal (OL) SM
37
Q

What are important markers of kidney disease?

A

-High protein (albumin) level (urine)/proteinuria
-Glomerular filtration rate ( GFR)
(increased level of serum creatinine/urea).

38
Q

Give examples of renal pathology.

A
  • Urinary tract infection (UTI)
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Kidney stone/renal calculi
  • Kidney failure and dialysis
  • Urinary incontinence: common after childbirth/ old age/in female

renal system (26 decks)

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