Introduction

Question 1

Define social institutions with 2 examples

Answer 1

Organised social arrangements like Media and Education

Question 2

Define social class

Answer 2

A group of people that share a similar location, income and occupation

Question 3

Define marginalised

Answer 3

People who are pushed to the outskirts of society which decreases life chances

Question 4

Define norm with an example

Answer 4

Social expectations that govern our behaviour in certain situations eg queueing

Question 5

Define value with an example

Answer 5

General beliefs which inform society what is important in life eg cheating on a partner

Question 6

Define role with an example

Answer 6

How someone who occupies a particular status is expected to behave eg student

Question 7

What is the difference between ascribed and achieved status?

Answer 7

Ascribed is permanent and usually something you’re born with eg ethnicity

Achieved is a position gained through your own efforts eg postman

Question 8

Define micro theories

Answer 8

Believe society is constructed through small scale interactions and that individuals have free will to construct their own views on society

Question 9

Define macro theories

Answer 9

Believe society is constructed through large scale institutions and individuals have no control over how they impact our lives

Question 10

What is the difference between conflict and consensus theories?

Answer 10

Consensus is a positive view that believes that institutions teach us norms and values to bring us together

Conflict is a negative view that believes that institutions teach us norms and values designed to divide and exploit certain groups

Question 11

Define socialisation

Answer 11

The process in which an individual learns the culture of the society they live in

Question 12

What’s the difference between primary and secondary socialisation?

Answer 12

Primary - takes place in the home in early childhood and teaches morals, rules and gives us role models

Secondary - is through external agencies can be impersonal through the media to an audience or interpersonal which is between people - teaches trends, social interaction and employment

Question 13

What is the organic analogy?

Answer 13

The belief that society is like the human body as every part important and if institution needs help then another will step in

Question 14

What society’s 3 functional prerequisites?

Answer 14

Social order - shares norms and values
Social solidarity - the bond between all individuals in society
Value consensus - agreeing on what is right and wrong

Question 15

What type of theory is functionalism

Answer 15

Macro and consensus

Question 16

Define capitalism and communism

Answer 16

Capitalism - A system where the country’s industry is controlled by businesses for profit rather than by the state

Communism - A system in which all property is owned by the state where everyone contributes and receives according to their needs

Question 17

What were Karl Marx’s two groups in society?

Answer 17

Bourgeoisie - people who earn enough income from property alone and who own the means for production

Proleteriat - People who have to sell their labour for a wage

Question 18

Define infrastructure and superstructure

Answer 18

Infrastructure - Capitalism (economic base of society)

Superstructure - The institutions is society which support capitalism

Question 19

Explain surplus value and exploitation

Answer 19

Surplus value - When workers make more product than what is needed to pay their wages the extra is profit for employers

Therefore workers do not get the wage that is proportionate to the amount of work they do which is exploitation

Question 20

What is a dominant ideology?

Answer 20

The belief system which is ingrained by institutions in society for example religion is created to promise workers an afterlife to look forward to

Question 21

What did Karl Marx call religion?

Answer 21

The opium of the people

Question 22

What is false consciousness?

Answer 22

When people are brainwashed into thinking that the world is fair and just and therefore do not fight for their own interests

Question 23

What kind of theory is Marxism?

Answer 23

Macro and Conflict

Question 24

What do feminists believe?

Answer 24

That men and women should be treated equally in all areas of society

Question 25

Define patriarchy

Answer 25

The male dominance in society

Question 26

Define the 3 strands of feminism

Answer 26

Liberal feminism - believe in using legislation to bring about equal rights and also stand up for the rights of men which are affected by the patriarchy

Marxist feminism - believe women experience double exploitation due to social class and gender and see capitalism as the issue

Radical feminism - believe male dominance exploits women in every area of society and that men in positions of power are the problem and should be replaced by women

Question 27

What kind of theory is feminism?

Answer 27

Macro and Conflict

Question 28

What do interactionists believe?

Answer 28

That how people act in face to face interactions is in accordance to how they define the people and situation

Question 29

What does labelling mean?

Answer 29

That how people are defined by their peers affects how they act

Question 30

What are the two outcomes of labelling?

Answer 30

A self fulfilling prophecy or a self negating prophecy

Question 31

What kind of theory is interactionism?

Answer 31

Micro

Question 32

What do postmodernists believe?

Answer 32

That post 20th century society cannot be explained by overarching theories or institutions as it is ever changing and chaotic

Question 33

What is a meta narrative?

Answer 33

Theories of one objective reality where people are controlled by institutions and individuals have no control

Question 34

What kind of theory is postmodernism?

Answer 34

Micro