Demography Flashcards
State the difference between birth rate and Total Fertility Rate
Birth rate - How many babies are born per 1000 of the population per year
Total fertility rate - the average number of children a woman will have during her fertile years
Define infant mortality rate
Number of babies that die before their first birthday per 1000 of the population per year
Define death rate
Number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year
State the difference between emigration and immigration
Emigration - movement of people out of of a country or society
Immigration - movement of people into a country or society
What is the dependency ratio?
The proportion of people working and paying taxes compared to those who are dependent on the state
When was the lowest birth rate in the UK?
2001
How does the position of women affect birth rate?
Focusing on careers = having babies later or never
Contraception and abortion = women can have sex without having to have children
More advanced education = women having children later
Give 3 other factors that have decreased the birth rate?
Declining infant mortality rate
Child centredness
Children being an economic burden
How much does one child cost 2 parents up to age 18?
£82,000
What effect does declining birth rate have on the dependency ratio and the family?
Dependency ratio - short term improvement as there is fewer dependent children but in the long term there will be a smaller workforce
Family - if families are more child centred then that will lead to more dual earner families to afford the cost
Give 3 birth trends in 2018
More older women having children
More single parent families
More children born out of wedlock
What did Thomas McKeown say was the reason for decline in deaths?
Improved nutrition
What was a criticism of this view?
That it did not explain why women live longer when they generally ate less
What did Harper say was the main reason for the decline in deaths? Also what did they say was going to be the biggest cause of deaths in the future?
The decline in smoking. But that obesity has replaced it as the biggest risk
Outline 3 more reasons for the decline in death rate
Medical improvements
Decline in infectious diseases
Public health measures like better housing
Explain the class differences in life expectancy
Higher class people live longer than working class people due to a higher standard of living, healthier diet options and less stress related to money
Why do women live longer than men?
They do less manually intensive jobs, take fewer risks, drink less and take more visits to the doctors
Explain regional differences in life expectancy with an example
The south generally have a longer life expectancy than the north - Chelsea life expectancy for men is 85 whereas in Glasgow it’s 71
Give 3 strengths of an ageing population
Provide childcare for grandchildren
Volunteer in the community
Create the ‘Grey Market’ of pensioner products
Give 3 weaknesses of an ageing population
Workforce shrinks so there is less economic growth
Put strain on the healthcare services
Unpaid family members have to care for them
What percentage of households are pensioners living alone?
12.5%
What is the feminisation of old age?
The fact that over 75s are twice as likely to be women
What is meant by the socially constructed ‘Age Problem’?
That traditionally old people were respected and had high status whereas now they portrayed by the media as incompetent and a burden
How would Marxists interpret ageism?
That old people are marginalised because they do not help capitalism and then family members have to care for them
Which postmodernist states that now we have more freedom to create our own identities through consumption of things like anti ageing products?
Hunt
What kind of inequalities are there between the elderly?
Class - Middle class have bigger pensions and savings Gender - women face both ageism and sexism eg “old hag”
What was Hirsch’s suggestion for the age problem?
Policy needs to be put in place to keep old people working into their retirement
Define migration
The movement of people between areas and societies either internally or internationally
Define net migration
The difference between the number of people emigrating and the number of people immigrating
Give 3 push factors
War
Discrimination
Lack of jobs
Give 3 pull factors
Freedom
Weather
Employment
How does immigration affect age structure?
It lowers it directly as immigrants are usually working age and also indirectly as they usually have more children
How does immigration affect the dependency ratio?
It decreases because immigrants come over to work and increases as they have more children
What does differentiation mean in regards to migration?
That immigrants now come from more places than just former British colonies and that there are different types of immigrants such as spouses, refugees etc
What does transitional identities mean?
Immigrants may feel they belong to multiple places so use technology to sustain ties
What is the feminisation of immigrants?
Half of global immigrants are female
What 4 types of families are on the increase?
Dual earner families
Teenage Lone Parents
Childless Families
Beanpole families
Define beanpole families
When each generation consists of only one child
What is plastic sexuality?
Sexuality that is more flexible and not controlled by social norms
What is family heterogeneity?
Diversity of family types
