Demography

Question 1

State the difference between birth rate and Total Fertility Rate

Answer 1

Birth rate - How many babies are born per 1000 of the population per year

Total fertility rate - the average number of children a woman will have during her fertile years

Question 2

Define infant mortality rate

Answer 2

Number of babies that die before their first birthday per 1000 of the population per year

Question 3

Define death rate

Answer 3

Number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year

Question 4

State the difference between emigration and immigration

Answer 4

Emigration - movement of people out of of a country or society

Immigration - movement of people into a country or society

Question 5

What is the dependency ratio?

Answer 5

The proportion of people working and paying taxes compared to those who are dependent on the state

Question 6

When was the lowest birth rate in the UK?

Answer 6

2001

Question 7

How does the position of women affect birth rate?

Answer 7

Focusing on careers = having babies later or never

Contraception and abortion = women can have sex without having to have children

More advanced education = women having children later

Question 8

Give 3 other factors that have decreased the birth rate?

Answer 8

Declining infant mortality rate
Child centredness
Children being an economic burden

Question 9

How much does one child cost 2 parents up to age 18?

Answer 9

£82,000

Question 10

What effect does declining birth rate have on the dependency ratio and the family?

Answer 10

Dependency ratio - short term improvement as there is fewer dependent children but in the long term there will be a smaller workforce

Family - if families are more child centred then that will lead to more dual earner families to afford the cost

Question 11

Give 3 birth trends in 2018

Answer 11

More older women having children
More single parent families
More children born out of wedlock

Question 12

What did Thomas McKeown say was the reason for decline in deaths?

Answer 12

Improved nutrition

Question 13

What was a criticism of this view?

Answer 13

That it did not explain why women live longer when they generally ate less

Question 14

What did Harper say was the main reason for the decline in deaths? Also what did they say was going to be the biggest cause of deaths in the future?

Answer 14

The decline in smoking. But that obesity has replaced it as the biggest risk

Question 15

Outline 3 more reasons for the decline in death rate

Answer 15

Medical improvements
Decline in infectious diseases
Public health measures like better housing

Question 16

Explain the class differences in life expectancy

Answer 16

Higher class people live longer than working class people due to a higher standard of living, healthier diet options and less stress related to money

Question 17

Why do women live longer than men?

Answer 17

They do less manually intensive jobs, take fewer risks, drink less and take more visits to the doctors

Question 18

Explain regional differences in life expectancy with an example

Answer 18

The south generally have a longer life expectancy than the north - Chelsea life expectancy for men is 85 whereas in Glasgow it’s 71

Question 19

Give 3 strengths of an ageing population

Answer 19

Provide childcare for grandchildren
Volunteer in the community
Create the ‘Grey Market’ of pensioner products

Question 20

Give 3 weaknesses of an ageing population

Answer 20

Workforce shrinks so there is less economic growth
Put strain on the healthcare services
Unpaid family members have to care for them

Question 21

What percentage of households are pensioners living alone?

Answer 21

12.5%

Question 22

What is the feminisation of old age?

Answer 22

The fact that over 75s are twice as likely to be women

Question 23

What is meant by the socially constructed ‘Age Problem’?

Answer 23

That traditionally old people were respected and had high status whereas now they portrayed by the media as incompetent and a burden

Question 24

How would Marxists interpret ageism?

Answer 24

That old people are marginalised because they do not help capitalism and then family members have to care for them

Question 25

Which postmodernist states that now we have more freedom to create our own identities through consumption of things like anti ageing products?

Answer 25

Hunt

Question 26

What kind of inequalities are there between the elderly?

Answer 26

Class - Middle class have bigger pensions and savings
Gender - women face both ageism and sexism eg “old hag”

Question 27

What was Hirsch’s suggestion for the age problem?

Answer 27

Policy needs to be put in place to keep old people working into their retirement

Question 28

Define migration

Answer 28

The movement of people between areas and societies either internally or internationally

Question 29

Define net migration

Answer 29

The difference between the number of people emigrating and the number of people immigrating

Question 30

Give 3 push factors

Answer 30

War
Discrimination
Lack of jobs

Question 31

Give 3 pull factors

Answer 31

Freedom
Weather
Employment

Question 32

How does immigration affect age structure?

Answer 32

It lowers it directly as immigrants are usually working age and also indirectly as they usually have more children

Question 33

How does immigration affect the dependency ratio?

Answer 33

It decreases because immigrants come over to work and increases as they have more children

Question 34

What does differentiation mean in regards to migration?

Answer 34

That immigrants now come from more places than just former British colonies and that there are different types of immigrants such as spouses, refugees etc

Question 35

What does transitional identities mean?

Answer 35

Immigrants may feel they belong to multiple places so use technology to sustain ties

Question 36

What is the feminisation of immigrants?

Answer 36

Half of global immigrants are female

Question 37

What 4 types of families are on the increase?

Answer 37

Dual earner families
Teenage Lone Parents
Childless Families
Beanpole families

Question 38

Define beanpole families

Answer 38

When each generation consists of only one child

Question 39

What is plastic sexuality?

Answer 39

Sexuality that is more flexible and not controlled by social norms

Question 40

What is family heterogeneity?

Answer 40

Diversity of family types