Introduction Flashcards
Science
-Effort to build a system of knowledge about the world using scientific methods
Science
-Effort to build a system of knowledge about the world using scientific methods
Scientific method
-positivists use empiricism’s which is a statement that can be verified as true through observation, intervention and deduction which starts bread and becomes specific
Problem with verification
-cannot make general assumptions based on limited observation, as the next observation may refute our own
Scientific method
-positivists use empiricism’s which is a statement that can be verified as true through observation, intervention and deduction which starts bread and becomes specific
Problem with verification
-cannot make general assumptions based on limited observation, as the next observation may refute our own
Popper
-Suggested it is important to understand the world and governing laws, but predictions must be falsifiable (what needs to happen to falsify my theory)
Theory of scientific progress
-Prescience (no paradigm) - normal science (paradigm maintained despite falsification) - crisis (paradigm shift) - revolution - new normal science - new crisis etc.
Critical discussion
-Create theory through discussion with other scientists and criticize through falsification testing, then repeat
Kuhn
- Suggested that science moves through paradigm shifts
- Paradigms are extremely pervading theories or approaches that influence our view of the world
- Crisis causes paradigm shift when there is too much evidence against the them
Theory of scientific progress
-Prescience - normal science - crisis - revolution - new normal science - new crisis etc.
Prescience (no paradigm)
-Collection of facts and observations but no unifying theory or framework
Normal science (paradigm)
-Unifying framework is created which suggests what should be examined and how
Crisis (paradigm shift)
-Data seems to be going in a different direction, so paradigm is replaced
Science is superior
- Scientific knowledge is seen as infallible as it is based on observation and experiment unlike humanities which are based on opinion
- Therefore, scientific discoveries are seen as safe, trustworthy, rigorous and objective (often used in skin care advertisements for the lay population)