Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Concepts > History > Flashcards

History Flashcards

1
Q

Epistemology

A

Impact of literacy on knowledge is studied by comparing preliterate and literate societies
Preliterate: knowledge is practical, fluid and shared through myths and stories
Literate: written record allows science to exist as knowledge can be accumulates, preserved and analysed (China, Egypt and America = first)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Reading

A

Easier if there is a transparent relationship between spelling and sound e.g. German, English is more opaque and people often have reading difficulties later in life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Numbers

A

Knowledge demands in counting and measuring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Timeline to studying the mind

A 
Philosophy
Philosophy and medicine 
Evolution 
Everyday psychological experience 
Produced Prenology and physiognomy lead to psychology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Philosophical approach

A

Descartes and Locke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Descartes

A

‘I think therefore I am’ suggested the soul (reasoning and divine influence) and body are separate (mechanical and material)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Locke

A

Focuses on human experience allowing us to gather knowledge (focus on mind rather than soul)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Philosophy and medicine

A

Focuses on man as part of nature and exploring the functions of the body and brain
Action is voluntary (rational) and physical (mechanical)
Harvey, Whytt, Cullen, Gall and Flourens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Harvey

A

Describes movement of blood as related to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Whytt

A

Mind responds to stimuli detected by the body - connected, often unconscious
Principle of sentience: preserves life and unity or organism
Stimulated motion: continuum between voluntary and automatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cullen

A

Mental and physical events both have Functions
Sentience produces energy which is measurable e.g. excitation
Suggested nervous system is related to mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gall

A

Suggests brain is an organ of the mind

Birth of prenology (reading bumps on head to determine mental abilities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Flourens

A

Removed bits of animal brain to see which functions would be imparted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Darwin

A

Evolutionary perspective, sees humans as part of nature
Subject to natural selection of attributes and behaviour
The principle of continuity of life is controversial as some behaviours don’t have evolutionary advantage
Studied children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Everyday psychological experience

A

Sense of self
Commercial society
Family life
Industrial revolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Emergence of sense of self

A

Based on management of internal relationship with God - created a sense of inwardness, impacts everyday practices
New technologies increases daily devotion, personal diaries, self help books and mirrors

17
Q

Commercial society

A

People and relationships are defined by what they bought, sold or produced e.g. labour, capital and land
Sense of obligation between people and moral sentiment (importance of conscience)

18
Q

Changes in family life

A

Greater intamacy and affection within families

Class divide between families

19
Q

Industrial revolution

A

Move from agricultural to industrialised society = increasingly competitive and urban (higher living standards)
Focus on importance of making sense of life and understanding self

19
Q

Industrial revolution

A

Move from agricultural to industrialised society = increasingly competitive and urban (higher living standards)
Focus on importance of making sense of life and understanding self

20
Q

Psychological approaches.

A 
Behaviourism 
Cognitive 
Psychodynamic 
Evolutionary 
Biological
Humanists 
Social constructionism
22
Q

Behaviourism

A
  • Objective focus on how environmental stimuli impacts response (frequency of behaviour)
  • Suggests against introspection and studying private events as they are inaccessible
  • Human behaviour can be operationally defined, predicted and controlled in the same way as non-human animals
  • Limit: not creative
23
Q

Cognitive

A
  • Developed by Mathematics, Electrical engineers and Logicians, but uses metaphors and analogy so is less scientific
  • Human brain is complex, high plasticity and similar to computers
  • Tendency to focus on individuals and their environment
  • Cognitive capacities can be partitioned and are relatively autonomous, more complex cognitions are likely influenced by individual differences
24
Q

Psychodynamic

A
  • Behaviour determined by unconscious (repressed) thoughts, wishes, memories etc.
  • Preconscious (momentarily inaccessible) and preconscious (totally inaccessible)
  • Theory of infantile sexuality: sexual instinct active from birth
  • Psychosexual stages suggests early experience impacts later personality
  • One of the first theories of human nature, considers sex drive
  • Neuropsychoanalysis
    • Links psychodynamic concepts and neuroscientific mechanisms
    • Amnesia patient and pin suggests there is unconscious motivation and memory
25
Q

Evolutionary

A
  • Humans descended from primates, so development is impacted by evolution e.g. hunter/gatherer past not adaptive in modern industrialized society
  • Allows integration of wide range of sub-disciplines when seeking explanations of behaviour but timescale may be inaccurate
26
Q

Biological

A
  • Can provide immediate determinants of behaviour e.g. genes determine structure of body and nervous system (ontogenesis) and behaviour
  • Understanding evolution gives insight into behaviour (phylogenesis)
  • Purpose of nervous system is to produce and control behaviour
  • Nervous system and body determines the behaviours and learning a species is capable of
  • Process approach: variability in a trait due to heritability (genetic differences), non-shared environments (between family variation) and shared environments (within family variation
  • Reductionist: removes the person from social context
  • Deterministic: challenges free will
  • Takes into account individual differences, social and cultural factors etc.
27
Q

Humanistic

A
  • Maslow & Rogers: stressed health, self-actualization and the psychology of being and becoming, renamed client centered therapy - person centered therapy
  • Rogers developed research methods that enable measurement of self-concept and ideal self, therapists’ personal qualities are emphasized. With focus on emphasizing therapists’ personal qualities, genuineness, authenticity, congruence, unconditional positive regard and empathetic understanding
  • Focuses on free will and individuals subjective experience while studying behaviour which helped bring the person back into psychology
  • limited empirical evidence
28
Q

Social constructionism

A
  • o Mind is not a mental machine and is skilled at using symbols and language
  • Mind is not a mental machine and is skilled at using symbols and language
  • Critical psychology - looks at structure of discourse in cultural context
  • Questions ‘natural’ categories e.g., woman, man, individual, parent etc.

Concepts (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions