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Pharmacology. The Cholinergic Nervous System. > Introduction. > Flashcards

Introduction. Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cholinergic nervous system?

A

The part of the parasympathetic nervous system uses ACH as the neurotransmitter at the pre-ganglion and at the effector cell.

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2
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter of the cholinergic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine.

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3
Q

Where are neurotransmitters synthesised and stored?

A

In the pre-synaptic neuron.

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4
Q

What are the major pre-cursors for acetylcholine formation?

A

Choline and acetyl co-enzyme A.

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5
Q

What molecule is acetyl co-A derived from?

A

Pyruvate.

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6
Q

Where is acetyl Co-A synthesised?

A

In the mitchondria of the terminal end of the pre-synaptic neuron.

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7
Q

Where does the choline that is used to synthesise ACH come from?

A

It is bought in from the extracellular fluid.

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8
Q

What enzyme binds the choline group to the acetyl group during ACH formation?

A

Acetyl transferase.

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9
Q

What part of the pre-synaptic neuron does acetyl transferase lead to the binding of acetyl and choline?

A

In the cytoplasm.

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10
Q

When will ACH be released by the pre-synaptic neuron/

A

Following an action potential.

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11
Q

What receptors will ACH bind to on the post synaptic neuron?

A

Muscarinic or nicotinic receptors.

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12
Q

What enzyme breaks down ACH in the synaptic ganglion?

A

Acetylcholine esterase.

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13
Q

What drug inhibits choline transport?

A

Hemicholinium.

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14
Q

What drug inhibits ACH transport to the membranes of the pre-synaptic vesicle?

A

Vesamicol.

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15
Q

What toxins will affect the release of ACH from the pre-synaptic neuron?

A

Botulinum.

Black widow toxin.

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16
Q

What does acetylcholine break acetylcholine into?

A

Acetate and choline.

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17
Q

What happens to the choline that is formed form the breakdown of ACH in the synaptic cleft?

A

It is recycled.

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18
Q

Where is acetylcholine esterase synthesised?

A

In the autonomic ganglia.

In the neuromuscular motor endplates.

In the visceral neuroeffector junctions.

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19
Q

What is the function of butyryl cholinesterase?

A

It breaks down choline esters that come form an exogenous source e.g. in food.

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20
Q

What happens if acetylcholine esterase is inhibited?

A

Acetylcholine will build up in the synaptic cleft.

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21
Q

What effects are generated when ACH binds to a nicotinic receptor?

A

Nicotinic effects.

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22
Q

What effects are generated when ACH binds to a muscarinic receptor?

A

Muscarinic effects.

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23
Q

What kind of receptors are nicotinic receptors?

A

Ligand gated ion channels.

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24
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors mainly found in the body?

A

At the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle.

25
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of nicotinic receptors?

A

Nicotinic muscular receptors.

Nicotinic neuronal receptors.

26
Q

Where are nicotinic muscular receptors found?

A

In the neuromuscular junction.

27
Q

What effects will depolarisation of neuromuscular junctions lead to?

A

Contraction of skeletal muscle.

28
Q

Where are nicotinic neuronal receptors found?

A

In the autonomic ganglion.

In the CNS.

In the adrenal medulla.

29
Q

Muscarinic receptors are what kind of receptors?

A

GCPR’s.

30
Q

What kind of responses can be released by muscarinic receptors?

A

Excitatory and inhibitory responses.

31
Q

What kind of responses can be released by nicotinic receptors?

A

Only excitatory responses.

32
Q

Where nicotinic receptors located?

A

On the postsynaptic membrane of parasympathetic neurons.

On the vascular endothelium.

On the pre-synaptic nerve terminals.

In the CNS.

33
Q

When will nicotinic receptors in the vascular endothelium be activated?

A

When the ACH is released into the blood.

34
Q

Where are non-innervated muscarinic receptors located?

A

In the vascular endothelium.

35
Q

What happens when the nicotinic receptors in the neuroeffector junction of the sympathetic nervous system have?

A

They decrease the cardiac responses to sympathetic nerve activity.

36
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of muscarinic receptors?

A

M1.

M2.

M3.

M4.

M5.

37
Q

Where are M1 muscarinic receptors found?

A

On the ganglia and in secretory glands.

38
Q

Where are M2 muscarinic receptors found?

A

In the myocardium and in smooth muscle.

39
Q

Where are M3 and M4 muscarinic receptors found?

A

In smooth muscle and in secretory glands.

40
Q

Where are M5 muscarinic receptors found?

A

In the CNS only.

41
Q

What kind of muscarinic receptors are found in the CNS?

A

All 5 subtypes.

42
Q

What protein is attached to the M1, M3 and M5 muscarinic receptors?

A

GQ protein.

43
Q

What protein is attached to the M2 and M4 muscarinic receptors?

A

GI protein which inhibits adenylyl cyclase and activates receptor operated potassium channels.

44
Q

What effects will M2 receptors have on the body?

A

They decrease impulse conduction in the SA and AV node and this leads to decrease in heart rate.

45
Q

What effects will M3 receptors have on the body?

A

Smooth muscle contraction and increased secretion of secretory glands.

46
Q

What happens when non-innervated M3 receptors in the vascular endothelium are activated?

A

Release of nitric oxide and vasodilation.

47
Q

What are the effects of cholinergic agonists?

A

They produce acetylcholine like effects on the effector cell.

48
Q

What are parasympathomimetic agents?

A

Drugs that are cholinergic agonists.

49
Q

What effect will indirect acting choline esters have?

A

They cause acetylcholine to build up in the synaptic junction.

50
Q

How will indirect acting choline esters cause acetylcholine to build up in the synaptic junction?

A

By inhibiting acetylcholine esterase.

51
Q

What are the effects of increasing acetylcholine build up in the synaptic junction?

A

Increased cholinergic effects.

52
Q

What are the 2 classes of direct acting parasympathomimetics?

A

Choline esters.

Natural alkaloids.

53
Q

What are the 2 types of choline esters that are direct acting parasympathomimetic agents?

A

Carbachol.

Bethanechol.

54
Q

What is the types of natural alkaloid that is a direct acting parasympathomimetic agents?

A

Pilocarpine.

55
Q

What are the 2 types of pilocarpine?

A

Arecoline.

Muscarine.

56
Q

What are the 2 classes of cholinesterase inhibitors?

A

Reversible.

Irreversible.

57
Q

What are the 4 classes of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors?

A

Physostigmine.

Neostigmine.

Edrophonium.

Pyridostigmine.

58
Q

What is the main class of irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors?

A

Organophosphates.

59
Q

What effects will indirect cholinergic agonists have?

A

They inhibit acetylcholine esterase.

Pharmacology. The Cholinergic Nervous System. (5 decks)

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