Introduction

Question 1

Human embryonic development takes ___ weeks

Answer 1

8

Question 2

Gradient-dependent cell fate

Answer 2

Question 3

Variations on inductive signaling

Answer 3

Question 4

Major families of developmental growth factors

Answer 4

Question 5

The only major small molecule developmental signal

Answer 5

Retinoic acid

All the rest are proteins.

Question 6

Why have so many families of developmental growth factors?

Answer 6

Question 7

Cell lineage is ___-dependent

Answer 7

Cell lineage is history-dependent

In other words, responsiveness to any given growth factor is NOT a state function.

Question 8

Cross-repression

Answer 8

Question 9

Responses to motility and orientation-inducing factors

Answer 9

Question 10

Germ lineage tree

Answer 10

Question 11

Epithelial vs Mesenchymal Cells

Answer 11

Question 12

EMT

Answer 12

Question 13

EMT in gastrulation

Answer 13

Ectodermal cells undergo EMT to form mesendodermal cells.

Mesendodermal cells may decide to remain mesenchymal, and thus form the mesoderm, or to undergo a MET, and form the endoderm.

Question 14

Levels of stem cell potency

Answer 14

Question 15

Cell reprogramming

Answer 15

Averts the need to make iPS cells.

Question 16

Ovum

Answer 16

Question 17

Sperm

Answer 17

Question 18

Sperm capacitation

Answer 18

Occurs when sperm enters the female reproductive tract

Process of removal of glycoproteins from the sperm membrane surrounding the acrosome such that the acrosomal surface is more available to interact with the ovum membrane.

Question 19

What is the function of the cortical reaction?

Answer 19

To prevent polyspermy

Question 20

Upon fertilization, the ovum undergoes. . .

Answer 20

Meiosis II

The polar body also undergoes meiosis II. At this point, both polar body copies of the genome and one maternal ovum copy of the genome will be lost, leaving a haploid maternal genome and a haploid paternal genome.

Question 21

How many pronuclei does a fertilized ovum have?

Answer 21

Two: One maternal, one paternal.

However, this state does not last long, as the fertilized ovum will quikly undergo mitosis to form a 2-cell blastomere.

Question 22

Development Progression

Answer 22

Zygote

Blastomere

Morula

Question 23

Blastulation

Answer 23

Question 24

-blast

Answer 24

rapidly dividing cell

Question 25

Post-fertilization spacial progression

Answer 25

Question 26

Implantation

Answer 26

Question 27

Syncytium

Answer 27

Group of cells with many nuclei unseparated by any plasma membranes.\

Extremely beneficial for nutrient transport.

Question 28

Development of trophoblast

Answer 28

~1 week post-fertilization.

Question 29

2 Week Stage

Answer 29

Question 30

Completed Implantation

Answer 30

Epiblast -> amniotic sac

Hypoblast -> embryo and yolk sac

~ 2 weeks

2 layers

2 cavities

Question 31

The ___ and ___ are the primary organizers of the body.

Answer 31

The primitive node and primitive streak are the primary organizers of the body.

Question 32

Gastrulation

Answer 32

Ectodermal cells under go an EMT, migrate through the primitive streak, and form the primitive mesoderm and endoderm.

The Oropharyngeal membrane will become the oral cavity and esophagus, the Cloacal membrane will be come the urethra, vagina, and anus.

Question 33

_____ is the only pluripotent layer of the gastromere.

Answer 33

The ectodermal epiblast is the only pluripotent layer of the gastromere.

Question 34

Pioneer Transcription Factors are basically always ___.

Answer 34

Pioneer Transcription Factors are basically always Master Trascription Factors.

Question 35

Homeostasis primarily utilizes ___ feedback while development primarily utilizes ___ feedback.

Answer 35

Homeostasis primarily utilizes negative feedback while development primarily utilizes positive feedback.

Question 36

Four Yamanaka Factors

Answer 36

OCT 2

SOX 4

c-Myc

KLF4