Development of the NS Flashcards

1
Q

Cortical vs Spinal Neurons

A
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2
Q

Spinal reflex arc

A
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3
Q

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)

A

Initially produced in all ectodermal cells. Induces epidermal fate, but is inhibited by Noggin from the primitive node.

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4
Q

Noggin

A

Produced by the primitive node. Induces formation of the neural plate/neuroectoderm from ectodermal epiblast by acting as a BMP antagonist.

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5
Q

Neurulation

A
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6
Q

Neural tube defects

A

When the neural tube does not close properly. Two major forms:

Anencephaly: when the cranial region does not close properly. Usually incompatibly with survival and leads to prenatal termination.

Spina bifida: when the spinal region does not close properly. May or may not cause significant functional problem.

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7
Q

_____ prevents the majority of NTD cases.

A

Vitamin B9 (folate) supplementation 3 months before and throughout pregnancy.

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8
Q

The notochord

A

Vestigial in adult humans, but plays the imporant role of inducing neural tube formation in development.

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9
Q

During neurulation, the notochord is _____ to induce ventral cell differentiation.

A

During neurulation, the notochord is necessary and sufficient to induce ventral cell differentiation.

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10
Q

Sonic hedgehog (Shh)

A

Morphogen produced by the notochord and the neural floor-plate. Acts on the neural tube. Induces differentiation of different types of neuron in a concentration-dependent manner.

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11
Q

Mechanism of Shh action

A
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12
Q

Roof-plate/Floor-plate diagram

A
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13
Q

The nature of ventral cell-type induced by Shh. . .

A

varies with rostral-caudal position.

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14
Q

Basic principle of axon guidance

A
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15
Q

Major families of axon guidance molecules

A

ephrin

netrin

semaphorin

slit

Slit is primarily chemorepellant while others may be attractant or repellant depending on context.

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16
Q

Comissural

A

Crossing the midline

Usually in reference to axons.

17
Q

Spinal comissural interneurons

A
18
Q

Netrin

A

Expressed by the neural floor plate throughout the spinal cord. Attracts neuron axons in the developing spinal cord towards the ventral horn.

19
Q

Broad mechanisms of chemoattraction vs chemorepulsion

A
20
Q

How semaphorin helps organize the spinal cord

A
21
Q

Intermediate Target Axon Navigation

A
22
Q

Floor Plate Attraction and Repulsion Mechanisms

A
23
Q

Basic pathway of neural development

A

Node makes noggin → induces neural plate (neuroectodermal cells)

Retinoic acid produced by somites (which are already at the level of the spinal cord) → induces neural tube differentiation into spinal neurons

Sonic hedgehog produced by notochord → induces gradient-dependent spinal neuron fate (high concentrations yield spinal somatic motor neuron fate)

24
Q

More than 70% of drosophila mRNA shows. . .

A

More than 70% of drosophila mRNA shows specific subcellular localization.