Introduction Flashcards
study of structure & function of the human body
Human Anatomy & Physiology
is the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body.
Anatomy
to dissect, or cut part and separate, the parts of the body to study
Anatomy
2 basic approaches to study anatomy
Systemic and Regional Anatomy
study of the body by systems, such as nervous
Systemic Anatomy
study of the organization of the body by areas such as head
Regional Anatomy
2 general ways to examine the internal structures of a living person
Surface anatomy & Anatomical imaging
scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things.
Physiology
Major goals of physiology
- to understand & predict the body’s response to stimuli
- to understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of continually changing internal & external environment
study of a specific organism, the human
Human Physiology
Subdivisions that emphasize specific organizational levels
Cellular and Systemic Physiology
6 Structural Levels
- Chemical Level
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
level of organization involves how atoms, such as hydrogen & carbon, interact & combine into molecules
Chemical
are the basic structural & functional units of organism, such as plants & animals
Cells
are the small structures that makes up some cells
Organelles
a molecule cells use for a source of energy
adenosine triphosphate
is a group of similar cells & the materials surrounding them
Tissue
4 primary types of tissue
epithelial, connective, muscle & nervous
is composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions
Organ
is a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions
Organ System
is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as bacterium, or of trillion of cells, such as human
organism
most important common feature of all organism
life
refers to the specific intterrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions
Organization
ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement
Metabolism
ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments that help maintain his life
Responsiveness
refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism
Growth
includes the changes an organism undergoes through time; begins with fertilization and ends at death
Development
is change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized
Differentiation
is the formation of new cells or new organisms
Reproduction
is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in either the external environment or the internal environment.
Homeostasis
values that can change such as small amount of fluid, and normal cell functions depend on the maintenance of the cells
Variables
Integumentary System
provides protection
regulates temperature
prevents water loss
helps produce vitamin D
consists of skin, hair, nails and sweat glands
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
provides protection & support
allows body movement
produce blood cells
stores minerals and adipose tissues
consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments & joints
Skeletal System
Muscular System
produces body movements
maintains posture
produces body heat
consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
Muscular System
Lymphatic System
removes foreign substances from the blood & lymph
combats disease
maintains tissue fluid balance
absorbs dietary fats from digestive tract
consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes & other lynphatic organs
Lymphatic System
Respiratory Sytem
exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air regulates blood pH
consists of lungs & respiratory passages
Respiratory System
Digestive System
performs the mechanical & chemical processes of digestion
absorption of nutrients
elimination of wastes
consists of the mouth,esophagus, stomach, intestines and accessory organs
Digestive System
Nervous System
detects sensational
control movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors
Nervous System
Endocrine System
influences metabolism, growth, reproduction etc.
consists of glands
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body
plays a role in immune response & the regulation of body temperature
consists of the heart,blood vessels and blood
Cardiovascular System
urinary system
removes waste products from the blood
regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance
consists of kidneys, urinary bladder and ducts that carry urine
urinary system
Female Reproductive System
produces oocytes
site of fertilization and fetal development
produces milk for the newborn
produces hormones that influence sexual function and behavior
Male Reproductive System
produces and transfers sperm cells to the female
produces hormones that influence sexual functions & behaviors
such as sweating & shivering, normally maintain body temp near an ideal normal value
Homeostatic mechanisms
ideal normal value
set point
most homeostatic mechanisms are governed by
nervous or endocrine system
body temp increases & decreases slightly around the set point, producing
normal range
helps control the internal environment so that it remains relatively constant
organ system
most systems of the body are regulated by, which maintain homeostatis
negative-feedback mechanisms
means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted
Negative
3 components of negative-feedback mechanisms
receptor
control center
effector
