Introduction

Question 1

For thousands of years, after the emergence of human species, what did human beings live in?

Answer 1

Tiny communities that were mobile societies, consisting of a few dozen people

Question 2

About 12 thousand years ago, what did human beings experiment with?

Answer 2

Agriculture

Question 3

When experimenting with agriculture, what did humans find?

Answer 3

That it provided a larger and more reliable food source than foraging.

Question 4

What happened to those communities that turned to agriculture?

Answer 4

They experienced a rapid population growth

Question 5

Those that turned to agriculture could do what

Answer 5

settle in permanent communities

Question 6

When did the worlds first cities appear

Answer 6

6 thousand years ago

Question 7

W

Question 8

Since cities first appeared, what did they do?

Answer 8

Quickly came to dominate social and political affairs in their respective regions

Question 9

Ever since the appearence of cities, what has happened?

Answer 9

Earth has progressively fallen under the influence of Complex socities around cities

Question 10

What is a complex society?

Answer 10

Refers to the large scale social organization that emerged in several parts of the ancient world

Question 11

What did complex societies depend on

Answer 11

Robust agricultural economies

Question 12

In robust agricultural societies, what happened

Answer 12

Cultivators produced more supply than they neeeded, allowing individuals to congregate in urban settlements where they devoted their time and energy to specialized tasks

Question 13

What were some jobs that people would have?

Answer 13

Political authorities, government officials, military experts, priests, artisians, craftsman, merchants that lived off of crop production

Question 14

Where did complex societies arise?

Answer 14

Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, Mesoamerica, Central Andean Region

Question 15

Where did complex societies aries mostly

Answer 15

near river valleys or near sources of water that could be taped to irrigate crops

Question 16

WHat did political authorities do?

Answer 16

They built states with formal government institutions and collected surplus agriculture in the form of tribute or taxes

Question 17

What was trade like

Answer 17

They often sought to extend their land, but traded for scarce resources

Question 18

What was the relative amount of wealth that was there?

Answer 18

Complex socities generated much more wealth than hunting and gathering communities and small agricultural communities

Question 19

When a great amount of wealth accumulated in a family, what did it become the basis of?

Answer 19

Social distinctions

Question 20

What were some social distinctions that were recognized?

Answer 20

Ruling elites, common slaves, slaves, aristocrates, merchants, artisians, free peasants, semi free peasants

Question 21

What were tax rules

Answer 21

Cultivators and individuals to pay taxes in from lower classes. They had to support upper class.

Lower class people often worked their own land, and other persons land, made up bulk of armies and labor for community projects.

Question 22

What was writing like in complex societies?

Answer 22

Most either invented or borrowed a form of writing. It was first used for political, administrative, and business record keeping but it was soon expanded to construct traditions of literature, learning and reflection

Question 23

Cultural traditions in complex societies

Answer 23

They took different forms. Some organized relitions that meditated between human communites and the god. Some left relitgion to the people. BUT ALL PAID ATTENTION TO THE SKY

Question 24

Complex societies also organized systems of education that

Answer 24

introduced intellectual elites to skills such as writing, and astronomical obsevation deemed necessary for the societies survival.

Question 25

What did reflective individuals do?

Answer 25

They made works that explored the nature of umanity and the relationships among human beings, the world, and the gods.