Chapter One Flashcards
1
Q
When was Lucy found
A
30 Nov. 1974
2
Q
Where was lucy found
A
at a remote spot near Hadar Ethiopia
3
Q
When did Lucy die
A
3.2 million years ago.
4
Q
What is lucy’s scientific name?
A
AL 288 I
5
Q
At the time of her death, how old was Lucy?
A
25-30
6
Q
How tall was Lucy
A
1 meter.
7
Q
Why is Lucy so famous
A
40 percent of her bones were found, madeher very complete
8
Q
What does analysis of Lucy’s skeleton show
A
that early ancestors of modern human beings walked upright on two feet.
9
Q
Why is erect walking so crucial
A
because it frees their arms and hands for other tasks.
10
Q
What did Lucy and her contemporaries possess?
A
very small brains, but they could carry objects with their arms and manipulate tools. These abilities alowed them to survive better than many other species
11
Q
When did the earth come into existence
A
4.5 billion years ago.
12
Q
When did the first living organisms make their appearance
A
hundreds of million years go. Came increasingly complex creatures.
13
Q
Humanlike cousins appeared
A
4-5 million years ago
14
Q
When did homosapiens come
A
200,000 years ago
15
Q
Did human society develop in a vacum
A
no, we were always surrounded by other things
16
Q
Why were humans so successful
A
because we developed the ability to exploit the environment
17
Q
What does prehistory refer to?
A
the era before writing
18
Q
Who is involved in finding information about homosapiens
A
evolutionary biologies.THey have done a lot of work to clarify the relationships between human beings and other animal species
19
Q
Hwo do we have remarkable similarities with
A
apes. DNA choromosomal patterns and lifesustaining proteins. there is only a 1.6 difference
20
Q
We are in the order of
A
primates
21
Q
The small genetic makeup and chemistry have led to remarkable advances
A
22
Q
In tanzania, kenya, eithiopia and other places, archaeologiests unearthed bones and tools of human ancestors goin gback about
A
5 mill
23
Q
Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania and Hadar in Ethiopia yielded
A
many rich remains
24
Q
The speicies that lucy and several other species belonged to what genus
A
Australopithecus
25
Where did Austrolopithecus flourish
east Africa during long period from 4 million to 1 million years
26
What was Australopithicus
An homonid belonging to the family homindae which included human and humanlike species
27
What do evolutionary biologists recognize Australopithecus as?
Genus standing alongside Homo
28
compared to us, Lucy and other australopthecines would seem
short, hariy and limited intelligence. THey stood someting over 1 meter and weighted 25 punds and had a brain the size of about 500 cntimeters
29
Compared with other ape and animal species, australopthecines were
sophisticated
30
Why were australopithecines considered smart?
This is because, they had well developed hands and could use them. Good thumbs, and could grasp tools and perform interacate operations. THey had some ability to communicate verbally but not a well developed brain
31
The intelligence of australopithecines was sufficient to allow them to do?
Plan complex ventures. THey could travel to obtain particular kinds of stone that they needed for tools. Somtimes distances of 15 kilometers.
32
What does chemical analysis show about stone
that the australopithecines amde tools from things that were avaliable only at distat sites/
33
What did their tools include?
Choppers, scrapers and other implements for food .
34
With the aid of their tools and inelligence
Australopithecines established themselves securely throughout eastern and southern Africa
35
By about 1 million years ago, australopithecines had disappeared as new species
Belonged to the genus Homo and thus represented creatures considerably differnt from the asutralopithecines
36
What was the most important of the new species
Homo erectus. Up right human . They possessed a larger brain than the australopithecines
37
What was the size of the brain
1000 cc. And fashioned more sophisticated tools as well.
38
What did Homo Erectus add to the asutralopithecines tools
from choppers and scrapers they added cleavers and hadn aces
39
What were the new cleavers and hand axes useful for
hunting and food preparation. THey also privided protection against predators.
40
What did homo erectus hearn how to do?
start fires and furnished the species with a means to cook food a defense against large animals.
41
What was more important than tools and fire
intelligence and language skills which enabled individuals to communicate complex ideas to one another
42
ARchaeologists have determined that
men coordinated hunts very well
43
Nany sites associated with homoerectus served as
camps for communities of hunters. The bones show huge cooperation
44
With their tools, Homo erectus gained increasingy control over the natural environment and introduced
human species into widely sccattered regions.
45
Where did human groups move?
to middle east, beyond Europe, suth asia east asia and southeast asia
46
When homo erectus faded, what new species came
homo sapiens
47
when did homo sapiens evolve?
about 200,000 years ago
48
What were qualities of early homosapiens?
possessed a large brain approaching the size of a modern human being
49
What was more important about the development of humans
the development of the brain
50
Why was important that they had a big brain
so that they coud think of means to survive
51
What did having better intelligence mean for tm\>
They could understand the world around them, cooportatie, exploit the nature more, and they could communicate
52
With intelligence, what could Homo Sapiens do?
madapt to widely varying nvironment conditions and to establish the species throughout the world
53
When did Homo sapiens spread through the eastern hemisphere and populate Africa, Europe and Asia?
100.000 yueears ago
54
Did homo sapiens encounter homoerectus?
yes
55
Why were homospaiens able to live in the cold
becayse they built shelters and used coats
56
When did homo Sapiens use land bridges to go to uninhabited areas
about 60-15 thousand years ago. This was after th eice age
57
When did Homo Sapiens arrive in Australia?
60 thousand years ago.
58
When did HS go to America
25 thousand years ago
59
When was HS comletely all over the world
15 thousand years ago
60
What did intellectual abilities enable homo sapiens to dO?
recognize problems and possibilities in their environ ment and then take action that fabored survival
61
At the sites of early settlements, what did archaeologists discover
sophisticated tools that reflect HOmo Sapiens control over then environment
62
What are some of the tools that homo sapiens used?
In addition to choppers, scrapers, axes, and other tools, that earlier species had. HS used knives, spears, and bows and arrows.
63
Where did individuals make dwellings for themselves/
in caves and in hutlike shelters fabricated from wood , bones and animal skins
64
In cold regions, how did HS warm themselves
FIRe burning continuously
65
IN all parts of the world, how did they communicate?
languages
66
AS the amount of HS increased, what decreased?
The large animals.
67
What do archaeologists also believe caused the large mammals to disappear?
The earth's climate
68
What is the longest human experience on earth?
69
What was the principal characteristtic of the paleolithic era?
Human beings foraged their food. They hunted wild animals or gathered edible products of anatural growing plans.
70
In the abence of wirtten records, scholors have:
Drawn inferences about paeloithic economu and society from archaology
71
In the Amazon basin and tropical forests of africa and a few other regions,
small communities of hunters and gatheres follow the ways of paleolithic ancestors
72
What is one way that people see what might have happened in paleolithic societies?
They look at new paleolithic societies because they show somethings in economi cand soclial dynamics that shaped the experiences
73
A hunting and gathering based economy prevents individuals from accumulating what?\>
Wealth and private property
74
because you can't have private property, can social distinctions be based on wealth
no
75
Individuals would only posess some small items, such as
weapons and tools, that htey can carry easily as they move
76
Because of the abscene of wealth, what was the society back then like
it was reletively equal
77
Wha ttypes of social distincitons arose
age, strenght, courage, intelligence, fertility,m force of personality
78
Were the sexes pretty equal
yes
79
What were some jobs of men?
they traveled on hunting expedition sin search of large animals while women and children gathered edible plants
80
Meat was a highly prized item, but
plants were equally essential
81
Were the bands of hunters and gatheres small or large
thye were small, so that they could be efficient
82
Individual bands had what tyep of relationships with their neighbors
agreements concerning the territories that the groups exploit
83
Was hunting and gathereing a pretty scientific thing
ohh yeah
84
When did homo erectus learn to hunt big game successfully\>
300,000 years ago
85
How did hunters hunt big game well?
They wore disguises, and used sharp knives, spears and bows and arrows.
86
What were some team work things that were done?
They used verious movements to attack from several places. Also, tey used fire.
87
What was one key that was good for survival
language
88
In regions where food was especially rich, what did people do?
They settled down
89
What were the most prominent paleoithic settlements
Natufian society in east mediterranean
Jomon societi in central japan, and the chinook society of the pacific northwaest region
90
As early as 13500 what did natufians do
collected wile wheat and took animals from abundant antelope heards
91
From 100,000 to 300 BCE, what did Jomon people do
fished
92
Whan did the chinkook society develop?
around 3000 BCE
93
WWhat did paleolithic settlements have
permanent dwellings, sometimes long houses that accomodate alot
94
Paleolithic individauls did not limit their crative thinking to strckty practical matters, what did they reflect on
the nature of human existance and the world around them.
95
The earliest evidence of the reflective thougt came from sites assoiated wihth Neandertal peoples
96
Wherer did the Neandertal peoples come from?
West germany. thy lived between 200,000 -35,000 years ago
97
What do scholors regard neandertals as?
98
