Introduction Flashcards
Stages in drug development
- In vitro studies
- Animal testing
- Clinical testing
- New Drug Application
- Marketing
Hypericum perforatum
St. John’s Wort
clinical studies show efficacy
perennial weed used to treat mild/moderate depression
St. John’s Wort
Active ingredients in St. John’s Wort
hyperforin, hypericin
What should you be aware of when taking St. John’s Wort?
photosensitivity
reduces efficacy of some drugs (oral contraceptives)
What does St. John’s Wort induce?
CYP3A4, 2C9, P-gp
What is Echinacea used for?
for the common cold and flu
Who should not take Echinacea?
children, patients taking immunosuppressants, with immunodeficiency or autoimmune diseases
Active constituents of Echinacea?
polysaccharides, chicoric acid, alkamides
Side effects of Echinacea?
GI upset, headache
don’t take for longer than 10 days
What is Ginkgo proven to treat?
peripheral vascular disease
What is Ginkgo unproven to prevent?
cognitive impairment or dementia
Active ingredients in Ginkgo?
flavone glycosides; terpenoids
antioxidants; antagonize platelet activating factor; increase NO release
Adverse effects of Ginkgo?
headache, GI upset, some bleeding
Shouldn’t be used with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs
Shouldn’t be used by epileptics
Ginseng is used for?
Some evidence for preventing colds, cancer, and reducing postprandial blood glucose levels
How does ginseng work?
stimulates immune system and antiplatelet activity
What does ginseng contain?
triterpenoids (ginsenosides) and methylxanthines (caffeine-like effect)
Considerations with ginseng?
shouldn’t be used with antipsychotics, estrogens, hypoglycemics, or anticoagulants
Allium sativum
garlic
Garlic might be able to do what?
may reduce incidence of some cancers
not proven to reduce LDL cholesterol
Actions of garlic
antiplatelet
fibrinolytic
antioxidant
What does garlic contain?
organosulfur compounds including allicin (scavenges for radicals)
Do not take garlic with what?
anticoagulants
Silybum marianum
Milk Thistle
