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GCSE Chemistry > Introduction- 3rd > Flashcards

Introduction- 3rd Flashcards

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1
Q

what are good observations to make when describing substances in practical work?

A
  • solid, liquid or gas?
  • coloured or colourless?
  • crystalline or powdered? (for solids)
  • clear or cloudy? (for liquids)
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2
Q

what are good observations to make when describing changes in practical work?

A
  • is there any fizzing?
  • has a solid appeared or disappeared?
  • has anything changed colour?
  • are there any unusual sounds or smells?
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3
Q

what are the two categories for changes?

A

chemical and physical

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4
Q

what are the characteristics of physical changes?

A
  • create no new substance
  • are usually easy to reverse
  • absorb or release small amounts of energy
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5
Q

name an example of a physical change.

A

melting ice in a beaker.

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6
Q

what are the characteristics of chemical changes?

A
  • creates new substances
  • are usually difficult to reverse
  • absorb or release large amounts of energy
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7
Q

name an example of a chemical change.

A

burning wood on the floor.

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8
Q

what is the chemical test for water?

A

anhydrous copper(II) sulphate turning from white to blue. this tells us that water is present, but not how pure it is.

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9
Q

what are the two physical tests for water?

A

melting point (MP) : 0 degrees celcius
boiling point (BP) : 100 degrees celcius
purer water matches these properties more closely.

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10
Q

what is an element?

A

an element is a substance containing only one type of atom.

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11
Q

name four properties of metals.

A
  • high MP/BP
  • electrical conductors
  • malleable
  • shiny
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12
Q

name four properties of non-metals.

A
  • low MP/BP
  • electrical insulators
  • brittle
  • dull
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13
Q

where are metals found on the periodic table?

A

on the left-hand side of the staircase.

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14
Q

where are non-metals found on the periodic table?

A

on the right-hand side of the staircase.

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15
Q

where are diatomic elements found on the periodic table?

A

3 right including nitrogen, 5 down ( a number 7) + hydrogen

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16
Q

what is a compound?

A

a compound is a substance containing more than one type of atom, chemical bonded together.

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17
Q

how can compounds be made?

A

by heating their elements together.

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18
Q

how are the properties of the elements in the compound in comparison to the compound?

A

the properties of a compound are usually totally different from the properties of the elements the compound is made from.

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19
Q

what are the three types of compound?

A

metallic, ionic and covalent.

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20
Q

how do you find out the bonding in a compound?

A

on whether the elements are metals or non-metals
introduction: picture 1

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21
Q

what is used to illustrate diffusion of gases?

A

making the compound ammonium chloride in a tube
introduction: picture 2

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22
Q

how is the compound ammonium chloride made in a tube?

A

two gases, ammonia and hydrogen chloride diffuse from the ends of the sealed tube. where they meet, the compound ammonium chloride forms as a white smoke.

23
Q

looking at the diagram, what does this tell us about the hydrogen chloride molecules? introduction: picture 2

A

that the hydrogen chloride molecules must be heavier, as they diffused slower.

24
Q

what would happen if you heated up the ammonium chloride tube?

A

the white smoke would form faster because particles move faster and collide more often. it still forms in the same place because both gases diffuse faster.

25
Q

define solute.

A

the substance which is going to be dissolved.

26
Q

define solvent.

A

the liquid which is going to do the dissolving.

27
Q

define solution.

A

the resulting mixture of solute dissolved in the solvent.

28
Q

define saturated.

A

a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved.

29
Q

define suspension.

A

a solid floating in a liquid because it cannot dissolve.

30
Q

define soluble.

A

a substance which can be dissolved.

31
Q

define insoluble.

A

a substance which cannot be dissolved.

32
Q

how do we measure solubility?

A

in g per 100g of solvent.

33
Q

what does the line of the solubility curve tell us?

A

the line = saturated
shows the maximum mass of solid which can be dissolved at each temperature.

34
Q

what does the area below the solubility curve tell us?

A

below = soluble
less than the maximum mass of solid, so it will all dissolve.

35
Q

what does the area above the solubility curve tell us?

A

above = insoluble
more than the maximum mass of solid, so some will dissolve and some won’t. The mass that dissolves can be found by reading off the line.

36
Q

what are the three states of matter?

A
  • solid
  • liquid
  • gas
37
Q

describe the arrangement, movement and energy of a solid.

A
  • regular arrangement, tightly packed
  • vibrate in fixed position
  • energy : low
38
Q

describe the arrangement, movement and energy of a liquid.

A
  • irregular arrangement
  • particles slide past each other
  • energy: moderate
39
Q

describe the arrangement, movement and energy of a gas.

A
  • random arrangement
  • move freely at high speeds in all directions
  • energy: high
40
Q

solid -> gas

A

sublimation

41
Q

solid -> liquid

A

melting

42
Q

liquid -> solid

A

freezing

43
Q

liquid -> gas

A

boiling

44
Q

gas -> solid

A

deposition

45
Q

gas -> liquid

A

condensation

46
Q

how are elements arranged in the periodic table?

A

in order of atomic number.

47
Q

what are groups and what are periods?

A

groups- vertically
periods- horizontally

48
Q

what is an atom?

A

atoms are the smallest part of an element.

49
Q

what is a molecule?

A

molecules are made up of two or more atoms, they can be formed by two atoms of the same element, or by atoms from two or more different elements.

50
Q

what is an element?

A

an element is a pure substance that is made of only one type of atom.

51
Q

what is a mixture?

A

a mixture contains two or more different elements or compounds that are not chemically bonded to each other

52
Q

what is diffusion?

A

diffusion is the spreading out of particles in a gas or liquid from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

53
Q

why do elements in the same group of the periodic table have similar chemical properties?

A

because they have the same number of electrons in the outer shell.

54
Q

define solubility in units g per 100g of solvent.

A

the mass of solute which must dissolve in 100g of solvent at that temperature to form a saturated solution.

GCSE Chemistry (15 decks)

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