Introduction Flashcards
How are PROJECTS and OPERATIONS the same? (3)
Both PROJECTS and OPERATIONS:
- Are performed by people
- Constrained by finite resources
- Involve planning, executing and controlling
How are PROJECTS unique from operations? (3)
Projects are:
- Temporary
- Result in UNIQUE outcomes
- Subject to Progressive Elaboration
When is a project’s end reached? (3)
Projects end when:
- Objective have been achieved.
- Terminates as objectives will not or cannot be achieved.
- The need for the project no longer exists
Why do portfolios exist?
Manage temporary and ongoing types of work to achieve strategic objectives.
What can a portfolio contain?
Subportfolios, programs, projects and operations.
Do all the items in a portfolion have to relate to one another?
No, but they are linked to the organisations’s strategic plan through the portfolio.
How does organsiational planning impact on projects?
It determines the priority of the project with regard to other work
On what basis do organizations prioritise projects?
By risk, funding availability, relevance to strategic plan.
What are the three areas that project managers focus on to get better?
Knowledge, performance, personal skills.
What are examples of Enterprise Environmental Factors?
The people in your organization, the market, risk tolernce, standards.
Why do programs exist?
To realise benefits by doing projects together.
What is a Project Management Office (PMO)
Structure that standardizes governance and facilitates sharing of resources, methodologies , tools and techniques.
Structures that standardize project governance is called……
A Project Management Office (PMO)
Structures that facilitates the sharing of resources, tools and techniques are called…
A Project Management Office (PMO)
What are the three types of PMOs?
Supportive, Controlling, Directive
What is a “Supportive PMO”?
provides a consultative role, templates, best practice, training, lessons learned.
What is a ‘Controlling PMO”?
Provide support and require compliance.
What is a ‘Directive PMO’?
Manages projects themselves.
What is organizational project management (OPM)?
OPM is a strategy execution framework utilizing portfolios, programs, projects and other practices to consistently and predictiably delivery organisational strategy.
What is the total sum of all tangible and intangible elements within a business?
Business value.
Is business value short-term, medium-term or long-term?
It depends on the organisation.
What is project governance?
The alignment of the project with stakeholder needs or objectives
The alignment of the project with stakeholder needs or objectives is known as…..
Project governance
What process enables organisation to consistently manage projects?
Project governance
The process that enable organisations to maximise the value of project outcomes is known as…
Project Governance
The process that provides a framework in which the manager and sponsors can make decisions that satisfy both stakeholders needs and the organization is known as…
Project Governance
When does stakeholder identification take place?
Stakeholder identification is a continuous process throughout the entire project lefe cycle. (p31)
Who leads the project through the initiating processes until the project is authorised?
The Project Sponsor
If there is an issue that is beyond the control of the Project Manager, who serves as an escalation path?
The Project Sponsor
Who ensures a smooth transfer of project deliverables after project closure?
The Project Sponsor
Who are sellers?
Sellers are external companies that enter into a contractual agreement to provide components or services necessary for the project. (p33)
Who are business partners?
external company that provides specialised expertise; normally they are certified at something.
Who are organizational groups?
Internal stakeholder department who are affected by the activities of the project team (finance, HR)
Who is responsible for setting realistic and achieveable boundaries for the project and to accomplish the project within the approved baseline?
The Project Manager
Who is the leader of a project
It is always the Project Manager, regardless of this level of authority.
What are the four parts of the Project Life Cycle?
- Starting the project
- Organising and preparing the project
- Carrying out the work
- Closing the project
When does work typically start to peak in the Project Life Cycle?
Carrying out the work
When is risk highest in the Project Life Cycle?
At the beginning
When are ‘cost of changes’ mose expensive in the Project Life Cycle?
At the end
What is a project phase?
A collection of logically related project activities that culminates in the completion of one or more deliverables.
A collection of logically related project activities that culminates in the completion of one or more deliverables is known as…..
A Project Phase
What are the two basic type of phase-to-phase relationships?
Sequential phase to phase relationships
Overlapping phase to phase relationships
Sequential and Overlapping are two basic types of what?
Phase-to-phase relationships
What is a sequential phase-to-phase relationship?
The first phase must end in order for the second to begin.
If the first phase must end in order for the second to begin, this is known as what?
A sequential phase-to-phase relationship
What is an Overlapping Phase-to-Phase relationship?
a phase starts prior to the completion of the other.
A phase starting prior to the completion of the previous is known as what?
An Overlapping Phase-to-Phase relationship.
If you have to perform two phases simultaniously to compress the schedule, what type of phase relationship is this?
An Overlapping Phase-to-Phase relationship.
What is a Predictive Life Cycle?
One in which the project scope, time and cost are determined as early as in the project life cyslce as practically possible.
How are iterative and adaptive life cycles different?
Adaptive uses very rapid iterations and are fixed in time and cost.
What document defines how the project is executed, monitored and controlled, and closed?
The project management plan
What does the project mangement plan define?
The porject management plan defines how the project is executed, monitored and controlled, and closed.
The Project Management Plan is controlled and approved through what process?
Perform Integrated Change Control process.
What is the key input to the ‘Develop Proroject Management Plan’ process?
The Project Charter.
What does the project charter provide to support the development of a Project Management Plan (at a minimum)?
The high-level boundaries of the project.
When looking at the outputs of other processes, which ‘types’ are inputs to the Project Management Plan?
Baselines and subisidiary plans.
Once the Project Management Plan is baselined, when can it be changed?
Only when a change request is generated and approved through the Perform Integrated Change Control process.
What is the name of an intentional activity that realigns the performance of the project work with the Project Management Plan?
Corrective Action (realign)
What is the definitation of ‘corrective action’?
An internal activity that realign the performanc eo fhte project work with the project management plan.
What is the definition of an interntional activity that ensure future performance work is aligned to the PMP?
Preventative action
What is the definition of ‘preventative action’?
An intentional activitiy the ensure the future performance of the work is aligned to the PMP.
What is an intentional activity to modify a nonforming product?
A defect repair
What is a defective repair?
an intentional activity to modify a nonconforming product.
What are the three types of meetings?
- Information exchange
- Brainstorming, option evaluation, or design
- Decision making
What are the inputs to the ‘Direct & Manager Project Work’ process?
- The PMP
- Approved change requests
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organisational Process Assetts
The formal proposal to modify a document, delivery or baseline is known as…
A change request
What is a change request?
A formal proposal to modify a document, delivery or baseline.
What process tracks, reviews and reports the progress to meet OBJECTIVES
Monitor and Control Project Work
it’s all about the objectives
What process helps stakeholder understand the current state of the project?
Monitor and Control Project Work
What key items are an input to Monitor and Control Project Work?
Cost and Schedule forecasts
Work performance information
What process reviews change requests?
Perform Integrated Change Control
What process approves changes?
Perform Integrated Change Control
What process manages changes to (alot of stuff)
Perform Integrated Change Control
What is the key benefit of the Perform Integrated Change Control?
changes are considered in an integrated fashion while reducing project risk.
What is the key input to Perform Integrated Change Control?
Change requests
Who may request changes?
Any stakeholder involved in the project.
Status reports, memos and information notes are examples of…..
Work Performance Reports
What are the two categories of Organizational Process Assets
- Processes and Procedures
2. Corporate knowledge Base
What process implements approved change requests?
Direct and Manage Project Work process
Which process finalizes all activities across all Project Management Process Groups to formally complet the project work?
Close Project or Phase
Which process provides lessons learned?
Close Project or Phase
Which process releases resources to pursue new endeavors?
Close Project or Phase
What is the key input to Close Project or Phase?
Accepted Deliverables
What is the key output to Close Project or Phase?
Deliverable transition to the customer.
Which phase establishes the procedures to investigate and document the reasons for actions taken if a project is terminate before completion?
The Close Project or Phase process
Which process includes the actions and activitiies necessary to satisfy completion or exit criteria for the phase or project?
The Close Project or Phase process
What are analytical techniques?
forecast potential outcomes based on possible variation of project or environmental variables.
Grouping methods is and example of?
Analytical Techniques
Root cause analysis is an example of….
Analytical Techniques
What are the features and functions that characterize a product, service or result called?
Product Scope
What is Product Scope?
The features and functions that characterize a product, service or result.
What is the work performed to deliver a product, service or result?
Project Scope
What is Project Scope?
The work performed to deliver a product, service or result.
What is the approved version of the project scope statement, WBS and WBS dictionary collectively called?
The Project Scope
How can a baseline be changed?
Only through formal change control procedures.
How is the completion of the project scope measured?
against the PMP
How is the completion of the product scope measured?
Against the product requirements
Which process documents how the project scope will be defined, validated and controlled?
Plan Scope Management
What process creates the Requirements Management Plan?
Plan Scope Management
Which document includes the processes for preparing a details project scope statement?
Scope management plan
Which document enables the creation of the WBS from the detailed scope statement?
Scope management plan
Which document establishes how the WBS will be maintained and approved?
Scope management plan
Which document specifies how formal acceptance of the completed project deliverables will be obtained?
Scope Management plan
Which document controls how requests for changes to the detailed project scope statement ?
Scope management plan
Configuration management activities are documented in what document?
Requirements management plan
Product metrics are documented in what document?
Requirements management plan
Traceability is found in which document?
Requirements management plan
Which process determines, documents and manages stakeholder needs and requirements to meet project objectives?
Collect Requirements
Which process provides the basis for defining project scope?
Collect Requirements process
Which process provides the basis for defining product scope?
Collect Requirements process
Which process provides the basis for managing project scope?
Collect Requirements process
Which process provides the basis for managing product scope?
Collect Requirements process
What process produces the Requirements traceability matrix
Collect Requirements process
What two processes use the Requirements traceability matrix?
- Validate Scope
2. Control Scope
What are the two key outputs from the Collect Requirements process
- Requirements Traceability Matrix
2. Requirements Documentation
What includes the quantified and documented nees and expectations of the sponsor, customer and other stakeholders?
Requirements
What are the foundation of the WBS?
Requirements
What do business requirements describe?
Higher level needs of the organization as a whole
What kind of requirements describe the higher level needs of the organization as a whole?
Business requirements
What do solution requirements describe?
features, functions and characteristics
What type of requirements describe features, functions and characteristics?
Solution requirements
What are the two types of Solution Requirements?
- Functional requirements
2. Nonfunctional requirements
Functional requirements are a type of?
Solution Requirement
Nonfunctional requirements are a type of?
Solution Requirement
What are Functional requirements?
describes behaviour.
Processes are an example of what type of requirement?
Functional requirement
Data are an example of what type of requirement?
Functional requirement
Interaction are an example of what type of requirement?
Functional requirement
What type of requirement describes behaviour?
Functional requirements
What are nonfunctional requirements?
Describe environmental conditions or effective qualities.
Reliability is what type of requirement?
Nonfunctional requirement
What are transition requirements
Describes temporary capabilities
Which type of requirements describes temporary capabilities?
Transition requirements
Data conversion and training are examples of what type of requirements?
Transition requirements
What are Quality requirements?
Describes any condition or criteria needed to validate the successful completion of a project deliverable.
Which group creativity technique generates and collects multiple ideas but does not include voting or prioritization and often used with other techniques?
Brainstorming
Which group creativity technique uses brainstorming and ranking?
Nominal group technique
What group creativity technique allows large number of ideas to be classified into groups
Affinity Diagram
Which group creativity technique uses a decision matrix?
Mulitcriterial decision analysis
Which group creativity technique uses an systematic analytical approach?
Mulitcriterial decision analysis
What is a plurality?
Decision based on most votes out of three or more options.
Story boards area an example of what requirement collection technique?
Prototyping
What tool visually depict the product scopt by showing a buisnes systems and how interactions are?
Context Diagrams
Context diagrams are examples of…
Scope model
A grid that links product requirements from their origin to the deliverables that satisfy them is known as….
a requirements traceability matrix
What output provides structure for managing changes to product scope?
Requirements Traceability Matrix
Which process devleopes a detailed description of the project and product?
Define scope
Which process selects the final project requirements?
Define Scope
What is the sequence of processes with planning scope? (4)
- Plan scope management
- Collect requirements
- Define scope
- Create WBS
Alternatives generation is a technique used in which process?
Defining scope
Acceptant criteria are identified in what document?
Project Scope Statement
Deliverables are identified in what document?
Project Scope Statement
Constraints and Assumptions are documented in what document?
Project Scope Statement
Which process subdivides project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components?
Create WBS
Which process subdivides project work into smaller, more manageable components?
Create WBS
Which process provides a structured vision of what has to be delivered?
Create WBS
What is the key output of Create WBS?
Scope Baseline
Which process creates the Scope baseline?
Create WBS
What is contained within the lowest lever of WBS components?
Planned work called work packages
What is a work package
group of planned activities where work is scheduled and estimated, monitored and controlled.
A group of planned activities where work is scheduled and estimated, monitored and controlled is called…
A work package.
In the context of the WBS, what does work refer to?
the products or deliverables that are the result of activity not the activity itself
What is the maximum time that a work jpackage should represent?
80 hours effort
Where are control accounts use?
In a WBS
WBS components represent………..products, services or results.
verifiable
What is ‘rolling wave planning’
delaying the creation of parts of the WBS until such time as more information is known.
The process of delaying the creation of parts of the WBS until more information is known is termed……
‘rolling wave planning’
The WBS represents what types of work?
product and project work including project management work.
When all lower WBS equal all the work and only the work needed to deliver, this is known as……
the 100 percent rule
The unique account code numbering system for each WBS element is called the…
Code of Accounts
What is the Code of Accounts?
A numbering system for WBS elements
What are Control Accounts?
WBS items above the work package and planning package - used for later planning convenience
WBS items above the work package and planning package - used for later planning convenience are callled …….
Control Accounts
What are Control Accounts
WBS items above the work package and planning package - used for later planning convenience
WBS items that are comprised of work content but no specific scheduled activities are callled…….
Planning Packages
From top to bottom, name the WBS item types….
- Control Accounts
- Planning Packages
- Work Packages
What is the major output of Create WBS?
The Scope Baseline
What process is the Scope Baseline made?
Create WBS - part of Project Scope Management in the Planning Process Group
Where can the Project Scope Statement be found?
The Scope Baseline
Where can the WBS be found?
The Scope Baseline
Where can the WBS Dictionary be found?
The Scope Baseline
The Scope Baseline is comprised of what three components?
1, The Project Scope Statement
- The WBS
- The WBS Dictionary
What document show how each Work Package contributes to overall project objectives?
The WBS
Is a WBS optional?
No, it is an essential step in planning the project.
What document contains detailed information related to each work package?
WBS Dictionary
What does the WBS Dictionary contain?
SOW reference Planned duration Estimated Budget Responsibility Resource Requirements
When is the WBS Dictionary contents entered?
Progressively through the project as known - most not known when WBS is first created.
What process formally accepts completed project deliverables?
Validate Scope process
What is the purpose of Validate Scope?
Formal accepts completed project deliverables.
Which process formally accepts completed project deliverables?
Validate Scope process.
Which process brings objectivity to the acceptance process?
Validate Scope process
What is the major benefit of the Validate Scope process?
It brings objectivitity to the acceptance process.
Which process reviews verified deliverables to ensure that they are completed satisfactorily and have received formal acceptance by the customer/sponsor?
Validate Scope process
What process is primarily concerned with acceptance of deliverables?
Validate Scope process
What process is primarily concerned with correctness of deliverables?
Control Quality process
What are Verified Deliverables?
Project deliverables that are completed and checked for correctness through the Quality Control process.
Project deliverables that are completed and checked for correctness through the Quality Control process are called..
Verified Deliverables
What is the key output of the Validate Scope process?
Accepted Deliverables
What process outputs accepted deliverables?
Validate Scope process
Which process monitors the status of project and product scope and manages changes to the scope baseline?
Control Scope process
What process ensures all changes are processed through the Perform Integrated Change Control process?
Control Scope process
What process manages the changes when they occur?
Control Scope process
Uncontrolled expansion to product or project scope is known as….
Scope Creep
What is the name of the technique that determines the cause and degree of difference between the baseline and actual performance?
Variance Analysis
Variance Analysis definition?
ID cause and degree of difference between baseline and actual performance?
A representation of the plan for executing the projects activities is called…
A Schedule model.
Where can you find the summary milestone schedule?
Project Charter
Which process identifys and documents the specific actions to produce project deliverables?
Define Activities Process
What Knowledge area does Define Activities belong?
Project Time Management
Which process breaks down work packages into activities?
Define Activities Process
What process outputs the Milestone List?
Define Activities Process
The process of identifying and documenting relationships among project activities are?
Sequence Activities Process
What technique is used for consructucting a schedule model in which activities are represented by nodes and graphically linked?
Precedence Diagramming Method
The amount of time a successor activity can be advanced with respect to it’s predecessor is known as….
a lead (fs -2 days) e.g. landscaping can start two weeks before construction is finished
The amount of time a successor activity will be delayed with respect to a predecessor?
Lag (ss +2 days)
Which process outputs the Resource Breakdown Structure?
Estimate Activity Resources process
Which output is useful for organizing and reporting project schedule data with resource utilisation information?
Resource Breakdown structure
What item identifies the working days and shifts on which specific resources are available.
Resource Calendars
What item specifies when and long project resources will be available on a project
Resource Calendars
What is the formulat for Triangular Distribution?
(O + ML + P) / 3
What is the formula for Beta Distribution?
(O + 4ML + P) / 6
What is the term for additional cost/time allocated for “known unknowns”
Contingency Reserve
What is the term for addition cost/time allocated for “unkown unknowns”
Management Reserve
What is Critical Path (two statements)?
- The longest path in duration
2. The shortest period of time in which all project activities can be completed
Can a project have more than one Critical Path?
Yes but only if they have the same duration.
What is Float?
How long an activity can be delayed or extended
What is Total Float?
Time an activity may be delayed or extended without affect the total project duration.
What are the five steps to Critical Path Meathod?
- Identify number of paths
- Add durations for each path to ID the Critical Path
- Forward Pass Critical Path
How is Critical Path and Critical Chain different?
Critical Chain includes project and feeding buffers.
What is ‘crashing’
adding additional resources
What is ‘fast tracking’
performing work in parallel
What is the general term for techniques to get project activities into alignment with plan?
Schedule Compression
crashing and fast tracking
Forecasts are an output of what general process?
Control (schedule, cost)
What is Analogous Estimating?
Top down using historial information and expert judgement
Quantitative assessments of the probable costs required to complete projec work is known as?
Activity Cost Estimates
The Cost Baseline is an output of what process
Determine Budget
Placing imposes date constraints for work to address planned expenditure is known as…
Funding Limit Reconciliation
Where is cost contingency reserve added?
To Activity cost level and Work Package leve - part of Determine Budget process
What Budget Component is the Management Reserve added to?
Cost Baseline
What is planned value (PV)?
Authorised budget assigned to an activity or WBS component, excluding Mgt reserve
Does planned value (pv) include management reserve?
NO
The total of Plannned Value (PV) is also known as what? (two answers)
- Performance Measure Baseline (PMB)
2. Budget at Completion (BAC)
The measure of work performed expressed in terms of the budget authorised is called….
Earned Value (EV)
What EVM dimension is often used to calculate the percent complete of a project?
Earned Value (EV)
What knowledge area ensures that project requirements, including product requirements are met and validated?
Project Qaulity Management
Arrows in a cluster but not near the bulls eye?
Precise but not accurate
What is the basis for quality improvement?
PDCA (Plan do check act)
A QA chart with vertical bars and a line graph is a…
Pareto diagram
A fishbone diagram is also known as….(2)
- Cause and effect diagram
2. Ishikawa diagram
What does a histogram look like
bar chart with bell curve
when is Multi-Criteria (MC) Decision Analysis used?
Acquire Project Team process
Vroom expectancy theory?
people need to expect efforts will lead to successful results and they will be rewarded for contributing
Which theory?
people need to expect efforts will lead to successful results and they will be rewarded for contributing
Vroom expectancy theory
Which theory?
basic hygeine
Herzberg theory of motivation
Mcgregor xy theory?
people are lazy (x) people are not lazy (y)
x need external facotrs to motivate
y need mutual goals and objectives
What are the three components of the Human Resources Management Plan?
Roles and responsibilities, project organization charts and staffing management plan.
Information Management is comprised of? (5)
Collection Storage Dissemination Archiving Destruction
Communication impact factors?
Urgency and impact
Delivery Method
Confidentiality
What is Expected Montetry Value (EMV) ?
Used in risk analysis EMV=Probability x Impact
What are the two types of Reserv?
Contingency and Management
What is the Delphi Technique
Anonomous brainstorming
What is the purpose of Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis?
Prioritise risks based on probability and likelihood
Make or buy decision?
Plan procurement output
Firm Fixed price contract?
buyer has no risk but costs more and quoted for longer
Fixed Price Incentive Fee?
Financial incentive for keeping to project - price ceiling is set.
Fixed Price with Economic Price Adjustment Contracts (FP-EPA)?
multi-year price adjustment mechanism
Cost Plus Fixed Fee (CPFF)?
Seller receives a fixed fee based on costs initially estimated
Cost Plus Incentive?
Costs covered - 80/20 share in savings or additional costs
Cost Plus Award Fee Contracts?
Costs covered - Mgt fee earned when criteria are met.
