INTRODUCTION Flashcards
Lamarck assumed _______ had short necks originally and ate grass
giraffes
-The largest mass extinction happened 251 million years ago
-Marked the end of the Paleozoic Era and the start of the Mesozoic Era
-Reptiles and amphibians survived
Permian Extinction
- 19th century English economist
- If population grew (more Babies born
than die) - Insufficient living space
- Food runs out
- Darwin applied this theory to animals
Thomas Malthus
Darwin’s Theory rests on 5 principles:
- Fossil Record
- Comparative Anatomy
- Embryology and Development
- DNA Comparison
- Species Distribution
it explains diversity in a way that each organism originated independently, and that each organism has remained the same
Special Creation
- Species remain unchanged for thousands of years, then suddenly undergo rapid changes
- Fossil evidence of trilobites – unchanged for millions of years, then suddenly died off
Punctuated Equilibrium
_______- breeding for desired traits
_______– naturally “desired” traits are bred more often – causes gradual change in species over time (evolution)
Artificial
Natural
- French geologist and naturalist
- published Philosophie Zoologique in 1809
- Speculated about mechanisms of biological evolution, offered no evidence
JEAN BAPTISTE LAMARCK
- Proposed by Georges Cavier
- Earth was subjected to periodic catastrophes
- all the existing organisms would die and new organisms would be created after every catastrophe
THEORY OF CATASTROPHISM
The Earth has existed for ____ billion years
4.6
-Started 45 million years and continues today
-Age of Mammals (Humans evolve)
-Ice Ages
-Flowering plants
Cenozoic Era
-Began 251 million years ago
-Age of Reptiles
-Rocky Mountains form
Mesozoic Era
Darwin collected the preserved remains of ancient organisms, called ________.
fossils
4 Factors Change the Gene Pool
Natural Selection
Mutation
Migration
Isolation
This theory proposed that the Lithosphere is divided into six major plates
Plate Tectonic Theory
Darwin’s Theory based on 4 main ideas:
Variations
Inheritance of traits
Overproduction
Survival of the fittest
4 categories of geologic time scale
EON
ERA
PERIOD
EPOCH
-Oldest and Longest Time Period
- Almost 90% of Earth’s History
- From beginning of Earth (4.6 billion ago) to 540 Million years ago
- Oldest rocks are deepest rocks
PRE-CAMBRIAN TIME
Categories of fossil types
Trace fossil
Molds and casts
Replacement
Petrified
Amber
Original Material
_________, or change over time, is the
process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.
Evolution
It determines the order of formation of remains using stratigraphic methods (Qualitative method of dating)
RELATIVE Dating
This single supercontinent broke up into pieces which drifted slowly away from each other
Pangea
- Evolution through slow change
- Believed to be true by Darwin and many other scientists
- Fossil evidence supports this
Gradualism
- Began 542 million years ago and ended 251 million years ago
- For the first time on Earth, organisms had hard parts (shells, exoskeletons)
- Pangea formed
- “Age of Fish”
- Plants begin to grown on land
Paleozoic Era
This theory was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915
Continental Drift Theory
It determines the age of remains using radiometric methods (Quantitative method of dating)
ABSOLUTE Dating
Because of similar ____, organisms of the same species have the same basic proteins
DNA
structures that have different mature forms in different organisms, but develop from the same embryonic tissue
Homologous Structures
Darwin was fascinated in particular by the land tortoises and marine iguanas in the ___________.
Galápagos
A ______________ is a well-supported
testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world.
scientific theory
Each living organism has descended, with changes from other species over time
Descent with Modification
How do you think Darwin came
up with his theory?
Voyage of the Beagle
(through this, he had evidence to propose a revolutionary hypothesis about how life
changes over time)
- 1795 Theory of Geological change
- Forces change earth’s surface shape
- Changes are slow
- Earth much older than thousands of
years
James Hutton
______________–differences among
individuals of a species
_____________ – nature provides the variation among different organisms, and humans select those variations they find useful.
Natural selection
Artificial selection
Divisions of the Precambrian Time
Hadean
Archean
Proterozoic
-Mass extinction that happened 65 million years ago
-Marked the end of the Mesozoic Era and the beginning of the Cenozoic Era
-All of the dinosaurs and half of the other animals and plants went extinct
Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction
Study of distribution of organisms on earth
Biogeography
- “Current geological processes are the same as those at work in the past”
- Proponents are James Hutton (Father of modern geology) and Sir Charles Lyell
PRINCIPLE OF UNIFORMITARIANISM
Eras under Phanerozoic Eon
Paleozoic (Old Life)
Mesozoic (Middle Life)
Cenozoic (New Life)
it explains diversity in a way that all organisms originated from common ancestors, and that organisms have and continue to change over time
Evolution
organs that serve no useful function in an organism (i.e.) appendix, miniature legs, arms
Vestigial organs
His theory was effectively presented to the world in 1859 when his book “The Origin of Species” was published
CHARLES DARWIN
It refers to the progressive changes in organisms that persist over time; it helps explain the great diversity, wide geographical distribution, adaptations and origins of organisms
EVOLUTION
