INTRODUCTION Flashcards
~ A philosophical and practical science
~ Seeks to determine how human actions may be judged right or wrong
~Different from morals
ETHICS
1.) Guides one’s judgement concerning the morality of human acts
2.) Human conduct in the light of ethics
1.) Ethics
2.) Morals
~Deals with the morality of human conduct concerning life
~From conception to death
Bioethics
Field of applied ethics that is concerned with the vast array
of moral decision-making situations that arise in the practice
of medicine and allied health disciplines, in addition to the
procedures and the policies that are designed to guide such
practice
Health Ethics
~Division of ethics that relate to professional behavior
Professional Ethics
Importance of Health Ethics
1.) Provide knowledge of morality of an act
2.) Serves as a guiding principle for health practitioners
3.) Gives proper direction and fundamental ways to live an upright life
4.) Provides a framework for moral ethical judgement and decision making
These theories represent the view point from which individuals seek guidance as they make decisions
1.) Deontology
2.) Teleology / Utilitarianism
“Deon” - Greek (one must)
~ Morality is derived form rationality, not from experience
~ Morality depends on intrinsic nature rather than consequence
Deontological Theory (Immanuel Kant)
A requirement in Kantian Deontological theory that we should ____ ____ according to the maxims
Act only
1.) Act only accordingly to that maxin whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law without contraindication
Universal Application
1.) Act in such a way that you treat
humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other,
never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end.
Unconditionality
Therefore, every rational
being must so act as if he were through his maxim always a legislating member in the universal kingdom of ends.
Demanding an Action
Criticisms on Deontology
~ Exception less nature - too rigid for real life
~ Morality is not derived from reason alone
~Disregard of consequences
1.) The most commonn form of consequence oriented theory
2.) Fathers of Utilitarianism
1.) Theological Theory / Utilitarianism
2.) Bentham & Mill
“telos” - Greek
~ Morality is based on outcome
~ What is right maximized some good
~ Good resides in the promotion of happiness or pleasure rather than pain
Teleology
1.) “The greatest good for the greatest number”
2.) An individual is not allowed to increase his happiness at the expense of another
1.) Principle of Utility
2.) Principle of Equal consideration of interest
Criticisms of Utilitarianism
1.Impossible to calculate all possible consequences
2.Used to sanction unfairness and violation of rights
3.Lack of sensitivity to special duty
4.Lack of respect for persons
5.May allow unacceptable interventions in private lives of
individuals
6.If followed, may recommend solutions that conflict with
personal belief and give rise to a sense of loss of self
~ Ethics is about agents, not actions nor consequences
~ From the heart of the moral agent making the decisions
~ From a developed character through routine practice and training
~ A virtuous character manifests itself in the display of traits
Virtue Ethics
~ A guiding principle composed of beliefs and attitude taught by early environment
~ Subjective and personal
~ May not have moral goodness
Value
~ Characteristics and dispositions that are morally right
~ Universally accpeted
~ With high moral values
Virtue
Filipino Values:
1.) Respect for elders
2.) Trust in Devine providence
3.) Patience
4.) Optimism
5.) Forbearance
6.) Hospitality
7.) Respect for womenhood
8.) Harmonious
Professional Virtues
1.) Hippocratic Oath:
2.) Florence Nightingale Pledge:
Hippocratic Oath: Purity and Holiness
Florence Nightingale Pledge: Purity and Fatefulness
Secular Virtues
1.) General
2.) Greek
3.) Japanese
1.) General: Benevolence and Care
2.) Greek: Wisdom, temperance, Courage and Justice
3.) Japanese: Kindness and Devotion
Religious Virtues
1.) Christian
2.) Muslim
3.) Hindu
4.) Confucian
1.) Faith, Hope and Love
2.) Contentedness, Gratitude, Generosity and magnanimity
3.) Care, Attention, Humility and Constant Reflection
4.) Humaneness, Compassion and Filial Piety
Negative habits or depositions that are against morality and ethics
~Develop because of the following:
*Authority over a vulnerable patient
*Respect of the society
*Economic rewards of profession
VICES
A vice is evil either because of_______ or of ________
EXCESS or of DEFECT
