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PVS 2301 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

bovine

A

cattle

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2
Q

equine

A

horse

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3
Q

ovine

A

sheep

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4
Q

caprine

A

goat

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5
Q

porcine

A

pig

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6
Q

canine

A

dog

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7
Q

feline

A

cat

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8
Q

cattle gestation length

A

9 months

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9
Q

horse gestation length

A

11 months

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10
Q

sheep gestation length

A

5 months

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11
Q

goat gestation length

A

5 months

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12
Q

pig gestation length

A

3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days

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13
Q

dog gestation length

A

2 months

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14
Q

cat gestation length

A

2 months

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15
Q

female cattle

A

cow, calves

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16
Q

female horse

A

mare, foals

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17
Q

female sheep

A

ewe, lambs

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18
Q

female goat

A

doe, kids

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19
Q

female pig

A

sow/gilt, farrows

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20
Q

female dog

A

bitch, whelps

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21
Q

female cat

A

queen, queens

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22
Q

cow temperature range

A

101-102 F

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23
Q

horse temperature range

A

99.5-100.5 F

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24
Q

sheep temperature range

A

101.5-103.5 F

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25
Q

goat temperature range

A

101.5-103.5 F

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26
Q

pig temperature range

A

101.5-103.5 F

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27
Q

dog temperature range

A

100-102 F

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28
Q

cat temperature range

A

100-102 F

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29
Q

disease

A

alteration of the state of the body or some of its organs which interrupts or disturbs the proper performance of its functions

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30
Q

two categories of disease

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

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31
Q

intrinsic

A

cause of disease is something that is part of the individual that results in disease

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32
Q

extrinsic

A

cause of disease comes from outside the body and invades; infectious agents or physical events

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33
Q

living agents

A

prion, virus, bacteria, protozoa, yeasts and molds, parasites

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34
Q

non-living agents

A

trauma, heat, cold, chemical poisoning, nutritional deficiency, metabolic diseases

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35
Q

infectious disease

A

a disease caused by the presence of foreign living organisms which cause a disturbance leading to the development of clinical signs or symptoms

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36
Q

contagious disease

A

an infectious disease which may spread by direct or indirect contact from animal to animal; all contagious diseases are infectious diseases, but not all infectious diseases are contagious

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37
Q

virulence

A

degree of the disease producing power

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38
Q

highly virulent

A

often causes severe illness or death; Ebola

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39
Q

slightly/moderately virulent

A

may cause illness to various degrees, unlikely to cause death; flu

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40
Q

non or avirulent

A

causes infections with no clinical signs or symptoms

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41
Q

etiology

A

specific cause of the disease

42
Q

etiologic agent

A

causative agent

43
Q

zoonosis

A

disease that animals can spread to humans

44
Q

anorexia

A

lack of appetite; often associated with fever

45
Q

symptoms

A

disease signs shown by humans

46
Q

clinical signs

A

used when describing sickness of animals

47
Q

autopsy

A

examination of the corpse of a human after death to determine cause of death

48
Q

necropsy

A

examination of an animal carcass after death to determine cause of death

49
Q

mortality

A

ratio of total number of deaths to the total population

50
Q

morbidity

A

ratio of total number of ill to the total population

51
Q

fever

A

body temperature above normal range

52
Q

pyrexia

A

fever

53
Q

inflammation

A

tissue response to injury which includes edema, redness, heat and pain

54
Q

prophylaxsis

A

preventative measures employed to prevent disease

55
Q

lesion

A

the abnormal (affected) area of a tissue

56
Q

fomite

A

an object that serves as a conduit for transmission of an infectious agent among individuals

57
Q

routes of infectious disease transmission

A

feco-oral, aerosol, oral, conjunctival, transplacenta, vector-borne, venereal

58
Q

routes by which to give medication

A

oral, intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), intraperitoneal (IP), intradermal (ID)

59
Q

less common routes of medication

A

aerosol, intraoccular, topical, sublingual, rectal, epidural, intramammary and transdermal

60
Q

oral

A

PO: per os, through the mouth, slow absorption, must travel through the GI tract prior to entering the blood steam to reach target tissue

61
Q

intravenous

A

IV, injected into the vein, fast blast of the drug but it is short acting

62
Q

intramuscular

A

IM, injected into the muscle, absorbed into capillaries, then through the bloodstream to target tissue

63
Q

intraperitoneal

A

IP, injected within the abdominal cavity, often in small rodents, next fastest absorption next to IV

64
Q

intradermal

A

ID, injected into the skin, does not go as deep as a SC injection, slow absorption due to lots of connective tissue with few vessels, done often for allergen testing and TB testing

65
Q

subcutaneous

A

SC, injected under the skin, absorbed into capillaries and then through the bloodstream to the target tissue

66
Q

removal of toxins

A

liver, kidney, lungs, lymphatics

67
Q

hygiene

A

cleanliness, the best type of prevention against many infections (especially feco-oral)

68
Q

disinfection

A

reduce or eliminate pathogenic organisms from a specific area, generally regarded as being bacteriocidal or germicidal

69
Q

steps in disinfection

A
  1. removal or excess organic matter
  2. scrubbing and cleaning with soap or detergent
  3. rinsing with water
  4. application of disinfectant
70
Q

Chlorox

A

good, inexpensive broad spectrum disinfectant but will not work with any organic matter, must be diluted within two days prior to use and is corrosive

71
Q

live vaccine

A

fully potent, live agent, can cause disease but usually gives strong, long lasting immunologic reaction

72
Q

modified live vaccine

A

virulence decreased by multiple passage through different animal hosts or laboratory culture. still provokes strong immunologic response, but is less likely to cause disease in recipient compared to live vaccine

73
Q

killed vaccines

A

dead agent which often provokes a weaker immune response that is shorter lived, but cannot cause disease in host

74
Q

bacterin

A

bacteria killed then used as antigenic agent in a bacterial vaccine

75
Q

toxoid

A

killed toxin injected as the vaccine, animal makes an antibody response to the toxin instead of to the bacteria itself (tetanus antitoxin)

76
Q

subunit vaccine

A

made from highly immunogenic portion of organism, cannot cause disease

77
Q

recombinant vaccine

A

made from immunogenic portion of the organism whose genetic code has been inserted into a laboratory vector such as E.coli and produced in the lab

78
Q

DNA vaccine

A

DNA of a immunogenic portion of the agent used as the vaccinal antigen

79
Q

common canine vaccines

A

DHLPP, rabies, sometimes kennel cough, corona virus, lyme disease, etc.

80
Q

DHLPP

A

distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, parainfluenza and parvovirus

81
Q

common feline vaccines

A

FVRCPP, rabies, FeLV, FIP, etc

82
Q

FVRCPP

A

feline viral rhinotracheitis, calici virus, panleukopenia, chlamydiosis

83
Q

FeLV

A

feline leukemia virus

84
Q

FIP

A

feline infectious peritonitis

85
Q

Titer

A

Quantitative measurement of antibodies

86
Q

Antibodies titer

A

Indicates exposure due to infection of vaccine, but doesn’t mean the animal is currently infected

87
Q

Antigen test

A

Tests the presence of antigens in the tissue at that moment of time, generally indicates active infection

88
Q

Components of making a diagnosis

A

Signalment, history, physical exam, create a differential diagnosis

89
Q

Signalment

A

Description of patient: species, breed, sex, age, weight, stage of lactation (if applicable)

90
Q

Patient history

A

Previous vaccines, surgeries, or illness. Current illness clinical signs, time frame (acute or chronic onset?), others in herd affected?

91
Q

Physical exam

A

Systematic examination from the nose to the tail plus an special exams suggested by clinical presentation or history

92
Q

Create a differential diagnosis

A

Top 3 guesses for most likely etiology, more tests to confirm or deny

93
Q

Methods of detecting antibody presence and amount

A

Agglutination tests, IFA test, Elisa test, immunoblot or western bolt

94
Q

Agglutination tests

A

Killed antigen added to sample, if antibodies are present clumping will occur. Not very sensitive, easy, cheap, and fast. Often used as a screening test

95
Q

IFA test

A

Immune fluorescent antibody test. Serially diluted serum added to coated wells, incubated and rinsed. Second antibody tagged with fluorescent dye. Fluorescent color indicates titer

96
Q

Elisa test

A

Similar to IFA, uses enzymatic color markers instead of fluorescent, read automatically on plate reader. Faster procedure than IFA with less user variability

97
Q

Immunoblot or western blot

A

More sensitive and specific than Elisa and IFA. Agent’s proteins separated by electrophoresis, patient serum is added, antibodies to specific proteins will bind and show as bands after rinsed and color reagent is added

98
Q

Antigen tests

A

Bacterial and viral cultures, direct staining, PCR

99
Q

Bacterial and viral cultures

A

Very sensitive, antigen must be alive, correct media/tissue must be chosen, takes time, some bacteria cannot be cultured.

100
Q

Direct staining

A

Includes immunostaining. Stain that will bind to a specific agent or cell infect with the agent is applied. Very specific but not very sensitive. Good for diseases with high infections like rabies

101
Q

PCR

A

Testing for DNA or RNA of the agent. Very sensitive but less sensitive than cultures. Specificity varies based on primers used and collected the correct sample at the correct time. Uses a series of temperature changes.

PVS 2301 (3 decks)

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