Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Comparative anatomy > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Study of the structure of vertebrates

A

descriptive morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functional significance of the structure

A

functional morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Two categories

A
  1. Invertebrates
  2. Vertebrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Protochordates

A

transitional between invertebrates and vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The Big Four

A
  1. Pharyngeal slits
  2. Dorsal nerve cord
  3. Notochord
  4. Post-anal tail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Openings that connect the inside of the throat to the outside of the neck

A

pharyngeal slits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bundle of nerve fibers which runs down the back, connects the brain wit the lateral muscles and other organ

A

dorsal nerve cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cartilaginous rod running underneath, supporting the nerve cord

A

notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

extension of the body past the anal opening

A

post-anal tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Phylum chordata

A

animal that have notochord at least in the embryo stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chordates with a neurocranium (brain case)

A

SP Craniata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Craniates without vertebrae

A

hagfish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Craniates with vertebrae

A

vertebrata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Three regional components

A

Head, Trunk, Tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Head- Special ___ organs
- brain ( ___ and ___ essential information)
- where the ___ are located
- in fishes- _____ for ___ can be found

A

sense; receive and process; jaws; gills for respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Trunk- ___ (house most of the ___)
- ___ and ___ appendages
- neck
- ____- surrounds the coelom

A

coelom, viscera; pectoral, pelvic; body wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tail- commences at ___ or ___ (post-anal)
- ____ continuation of the body wall muscles, ___ skeleton, nerves and blood vessel

A

anus, vent; caudal, axial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Three principal body axes

A
  1. Longitudinal axis
  2. Dorsoventral axis
  3. Left-right axis (bilateral symmetry)
20
Q

Three principal anatomic planes

A
  1. Transverse plane
  2. Frontal plane
  3. Sagittal plane
21
Q

Craniate characteristic

A
  • cranium
  • three-part brain
  • neural crest and its derivatives
  • paired external sensory organs
  • cartilage
22
Q

Vertebrate Characteristics

A
  • Vertebral column
  • Two semicircular canal
  • electroreception
  • Lateral line system
  • Multicellular neuromast
  • soft tissue specialization
23
Q

Structure common to craniate and vertebrates

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Pharynx
  3. Dorsal hollow nervous system
24
Q

Rod of living cells ventral to cns and dorsal to alimentary canal

A

Notochord

25
Q

Fate of the notochord
- Protochordates
- Fishes and amphibians
- Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

A
  • protochordates: remains as chief axial skeleton
  • Fishes and amphibians: persists through trunk and tail; constricted by centrum of each vertebra
  • Reptiles, birds, mammals: almost disappear completely (remain as pulpy nucleus)
26
Q

Alimentary canal with pharyngeal pouches in embryo

A

pharynx

27
Q

Fate of pharynx:

A
  • gills of fishes
  • lungs of tetrapods
  • skeleton and musculature of jaws
  • endocrine glands
28
Q

Fate of dorsal hollow nervous system

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • PNS- nerves associated ganglia and plexuses
  • Cranial and spinal nerves that connect CNS with various organs
29
Q

Other Craniate characteristics

A

Integument, Respiratory, Coelom, Digestive, Urogenital, Circulatory, Skeletal, Muscular, Sense

30
Q

A. Integument
1. Epidermis- multilayered
- terrestrial craniates- ___ ____
- surface layer of ___ ___ to prevent ___ upon exposure to air

A

multilayered; cornified appendages; dead cells; dehydration

31
Q

A. Integument
2. Dermis- ___ ___ tissue
- five functions

A

dense fibrous; defensive, lubricatory, nutritive, horomonal, pheromonal maintaining glands

32
Q

B. Respiratory mechanism
- ___ respiration (exchange of respiratory gases between the animal and the environment)
- example

A

external; gills, lungs, skin, oral, and pharyngeal activities

33
Q

C. Coelom- the ___ that separates the ___ and __
1. fishes, anmphibians, and non amnion reptiles

A

cavity, body wall and gut;
a. pericardial cavity; heart
b. pleuroperitoneal cavity- visceral organs

34
Q

C. Coelom
transverse septum

A

separates the pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavity

35
Q

C. Coelom
2. reptiles and mammals

A

a. pericardial cavity- heart
b. pleural cavity- lungs
c. abdominal cavity (peritoneal cavity)- digestive tract caudad to esophagus
d. scrotal cavity- testes

36
Q

C. Coelom
- peritoneal membrane
- retroperitoneal organ

A

encloses the coelom; kidney

37
Q

D. Digestive system
1. digestive
2. accessory organs

A
  1. acquisition, processing, temporary storage, digestion and absorption of food
  2. liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
38
Q

E. Urogenital organs
- involves the ___ and ___ systems
1. Reproductive organs
2. Kidneys

A

excretory and reproductive;
1. gonads, ducts, accessory organs, storage chambers, and copulatory mechanism
2. function on excretion and osmoregulation; eliminating water, maintaining electrolyte balance

39
Q

F. Circulatory system

A

a. blood vascular system
b. lymphatic system

40
Q

G. Skeleton
- c___, b___, l___
- 3 functions

A

cartilage, bone, ligaments; gives body shape, protects vital organs, provide site for attachment of locomotor and muscles

41
Q

G. Skeleton
1. axial skeleton
2. pharyngeal skeleton
3. appendicular skeleton

A
  1. skull and vertebral column
  2. support gills
  3. anterior and posterior limbs
42
Q

H. Muscular system
1. smooth muscles

A
  • spindle-shaped ells, single nucleus
  • no striations
  • double innervation
  • blood vessels, wall of digestive tract
  • movement of substance in lumens of body
43
Q

H. muscle
2. skeletal muscle

A
  • cylindrical shape, multiple nuclei (syncitial)
    -striation cells
  • singe innervation by motor nerve
  • voluntary movement of body
44
Q

H. muscles
3. cardiac muscles

A
  • cylindrical shape, single nucleus
  • branching striated
  • double innervation
  • walls of the heart
  • pumping of blood
45
Q

I. sense organs- concentrated ___ on the head that monitor ___ and ___ environment

A

anteriorly; external and internal

46
Q

I. Sense organs
1. Exteroceptors

A

monitor external environment
a. mechanoreceptor
b. chemoreceptor
c. electroreceptor
d. thermoreceptor
e. receptors for radiation

Comparative anatomy (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions