Introduction Flashcards
Study of the structure of vertebrates
descriptive morphology
Functional significance of the structure
functional morphology
Two categories
- Invertebrates
- Vertebrates
Protochordates
transitional between invertebrates and vertebrates
The Big Four
- Pharyngeal slits
- Dorsal nerve cord
- Notochord
- Post-anal tail
Openings that connect the inside of the throat to the outside of the neck
pharyngeal slits
Bundle of nerve fibers which runs down the back, connects the brain wit the lateral muscles and other organ
dorsal nerve cord
cartilaginous rod running underneath, supporting the nerve cord
notochord
extension of the body past the anal opening
post-anal tail
Phylum chordata
animal that have notochord at least in the embryo stage
Chordates with a neurocranium (brain case)
SP Craniata
Craniates without vertebrae
hagfish
Craniates with vertebrae
vertebrata
Three regional components
Head, Trunk, Tail
Head- Special ___ organs
- brain ( ___ and ___ essential information)
- where the ___ are located
- in fishes- _____ for ___ can be found
sense; receive and process; jaws; gills for respiration
Trunk- ___ (house most of the ___)
- ___ and ___ appendages
- neck
- ____- surrounds the coelom
coelom, viscera; pectoral, pelvic; body wall
Tail- commences at ___ or ___ (post-anal)
- ____ continuation of the body wall muscles, ___ skeleton, nerves and blood vessel
anus, vent; caudal, axial
Three principal body axes
- Longitudinal axis
- Dorsoventral axis
- Left-right axis (bilateral symmetry)
Three principal anatomic planes
- Transverse plane
- Frontal plane
- Sagittal plane
Craniate characteristic
- cranium
- three-part brain
- neural crest and its derivatives
- paired external sensory organs
- cartilage
Vertebrate Characteristics
- Vertebral column
- Two semicircular canal
- electroreception
- Lateral line system
- Multicellular neuromast
- soft tissue specialization
Structure common to craniate and vertebrates
- Notochord
- Pharynx
- Dorsal hollow nervous system
Rod of living cells ventral to cns and dorsal to alimentary canal
Notochord
Fate of the notochord
- Protochordates
- Fishes and amphibians
- Reptiles, Birds, Mammals
- protochordates: remains as chief axial skeleton
- Fishes and amphibians: persists through trunk and tail; constricted by centrum of each vertebra
- Reptiles, birds, mammals: almost disappear completely (remain as pulpy nucleus)
Alimentary canal with pharyngeal pouches in embryo
pharynx
Fate of pharynx:
- gills of fishes
- lungs of tetrapods
- skeleton and musculature of jaws
- endocrine glands
Fate of dorsal hollow nervous system
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- PNS- nerves associated ganglia and plexuses
- Cranial and spinal nerves that connect CNS with various organs
Other Craniate characteristics
Integument, Respiratory, Coelom, Digestive, Urogenital, Circulatory, Skeletal, Muscular, Sense
A. Integument
1. Epidermis- multilayered
- terrestrial craniates- ___ ____
- surface layer of ___ ___ to prevent ___ upon exposure to air
multilayered; cornified appendages; dead cells; dehydration
A. Integument
2. Dermis- ___ ___ tissue
- five functions
dense fibrous; defensive, lubricatory, nutritive, horomonal, pheromonal maintaining glands
B. Respiratory mechanism
- ___ respiration (exchange of respiratory gases between the animal and the environment)
- example
external; gills, lungs, skin, oral, and pharyngeal activities
C. Coelom- the ___ that separates the ___ and __
1. fishes, anmphibians, and non amnion reptiles
cavity, body wall and gut;
a. pericardial cavity; heart
b. pleuroperitoneal cavity- visceral organs
C. Coelom
transverse septum
separates the pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavity
C. Coelom
2. reptiles and mammals
a. pericardial cavity- heart
b. pleural cavity- lungs
c. abdominal cavity (peritoneal cavity)- digestive tract caudad to esophagus
d. scrotal cavity- testes
C. Coelom
- peritoneal membrane
- retroperitoneal organ
encloses the coelom; kidney
D. Digestive system
1. digestive
2. accessory organs
- acquisition, processing, temporary storage, digestion and absorption of food
- liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
E. Urogenital organs
- involves the ___ and ___ systems
1. Reproductive organs
2. Kidneys
excretory and reproductive;
1. gonads, ducts, accessory organs, storage chambers, and copulatory mechanism
2. function on excretion and osmoregulation; eliminating water, maintaining electrolyte balance
F. Circulatory system
a. blood vascular system
b. lymphatic system
G. Skeleton
- c___, b___, l___
- 3 functions
cartilage, bone, ligaments; gives body shape, protects vital organs, provide site for attachment of locomotor and muscles
G. Skeleton
1. axial skeleton
2. pharyngeal skeleton
3. appendicular skeleton
- skull and vertebral column
- support gills
- anterior and posterior limbs
H. Muscular system
1. smooth muscles
- spindle-shaped ells, single nucleus
- no striations
- double innervation
- blood vessels, wall of digestive tract
- movement of substance in lumens of body
H. muscle
2. skeletal muscle
- cylindrical shape, multiple nuclei (syncitial)
-striation cells - singe innervation by motor nerve
- voluntary movement of body
H. muscles
3. cardiac muscles
- cylindrical shape, single nucleus
- branching striated
- double innervation
- walls of the heart
- pumping of blood
I. sense organs- concentrated ___ on the head that monitor ___ and ___ environment
anteriorly; external and internal
I. Sense organs
1. Exteroceptors
monitor external environment
a. mechanoreceptor
b. chemoreceptor
c. electroreceptor
d. thermoreceptor
e. receptors for radiation
