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Comparative anatomy > Early Craniate Morphogenesis > Flashcards

Early Craniate Morphogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Egg types according amount of yolk

A

a. microlecithal
b. mesolecithal
c. macrolecithal

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2
Q

-very little yolk
- amphioxus, therian mammals

A

microlecithal

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3
Q
  • moderate amount of yolk
  • amphibians
A

mesolecithal

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4
Q
  • large amount of yolk
  • reptiles, monotremes
A

macrolecithal

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5
Q

Egg types according to yolk distribution

A

a. isolecithal
b. telolecithal

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6
Q
  • yolk is evenly distributed in the cytoplasm
  • seen in microlecithal egg
A

isolecithal

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7
Q
  • yolk is concentrated in one pole (vegetal pole_
  • seen in mesolecithal ang macrolecithal eggs
A

telolecithal

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8
Q

opposite pole containing the nucleus and yolk free cytoplasm

A

animal pole

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9
Q
  • animals that lay eggs (spawn)
  • eggs contain sufficient amount of yolk and albumen
A

Oviparous

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10
Q

Oviparous

  • eggs contain sufficient amount of yolk and albumen
    to ___ the ___ into a free living
    organisms that is able to take food orally
A

support, development

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11
Q

Oviparous macrolecithal

A

fully formed when hatched (birds)

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12
Q

Oviparous mesolecithal

A

young hatch in a larval stage (frog)

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13
Q

Oviparous microlecithal

A

young hatch in a free-living and self-nourishing stage (amphioxus)

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14
Q

animals that give birth to offspring

A

viviparous

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15
Q

type of viviparity
- mother only provides protection and oxygen, while nourishment stored in the egg (viviparous shark)

A

ovoviviparity

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16
Q

Type of viviparity where embryos are dependent on maternal tissues for nourishment, oxygen, secretion (placentals)

A

euviviparity

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17
Q

Trophotaeniae (trophe= ___, taenia= ___)

A

nutrition, band

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18
Q
  • fertilization takes place within the body of the female
    (viviparous craniates)
  • Eggs are covered by impenetrable shell before being
    extruded (reptiles)
A

internal fertilization

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19
Q

___ ___ is needed to introduce sperm into the
female reproductive tract.

A

intromittent organ

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20
Q
  • millions of sperm cells are shed over the eggs as the eggs
    are being extruded
  • Oviparous fishes, frogs and toads
A

external fertilization

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21
Q

Process of Life

A

Gamete formation > Fertilization > Cleavage > Gastrulation > Organ formation > Growth, Tissue Specialization

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22
Q

Repeated mitotic cell division of the zygote

A

Cleavage or segmentation

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23
Q

Cleavage and blastula
* embryo experience little or no
___ in size
* multicelled
and hollow sphere
or ___ is formed

A

growth, blastula

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24
Q

cells resulting from the early cleavage division of the ovum

A

blastomeres

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25
Q

cavity of blastula

A

blastocoele

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26
Q

Types of Cleavage

A
  1. Holoblastic cleavage
  2. Meroblastic cleavage
  3. Discoidal cleavage
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27
Q

cleavage where yolk is sparse (microlecithal)

A

Holoblastic cleavage

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28
Q

Holoblastic cleavage
*mitotic furrow ____ from animal to
vegetal pole
* microlecithal
* mesolecithal

A
  • pass through the entire zygote
  • blastomere are equal size
  • yolk-laden cells in vegetal pole divide slower and larger
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29
Q

cleavage where yolk is plentiful (macrolecithal) cell division is impeded by the presence of yolk

A

Meroblastic

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30
Q

extensive yolk material at vegetal pole remains undivided by mitotic furrows

A

discoidal cleavage

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31
Q

Mechanism of cleavage (LIICF)

A
  • localize expansion of cortex
  • increased stiffness of cortical cytoplasm
  • increased tangential force
  • contractile nature of region near cortex
  • formation of new cell membrane
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32
Q

____ follows fertilization

A

cleavage

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33
Q

zygote is partitioned into ___

A

blastomeres

34
Q

After the cleavage has produces over 100 blastomeres, the embryo is called a ___

A

blastula

35
Q

Continued cleavage produces __

A

morula

36
Q

The blastoderm surrounds a fluid filled or yolk filled cavity called

A

blastocoel

37
Q

Blastulation
- Pre embryonic cleavages make use of the abundant ___ of the fertilized egg as the cells rapidly divide without changing the ___ ___.

A

cytoplasm, total volume

38
Q

Blastulation
- The rearrangement of the cells in the mammalian blastula to two layers, the ____and the ____, results in the formation of the blastocyst

A

inner cell mass and trophoblast

39
Q

The formation of gut, but in a broader sense

A

gastrulation

40
Q

Gastrula = ___

A

belly

41
Q

gastrulation leads to formation of

A

trilaminarembryo

42
Q

Gastrulation
- the ____ ____ is the visible feature which represents site of cell migration to form more layers

A

primitive streak

43
Q

formation of neural tube from the ectoderm of the embryo

A

neurulation

44
Q

Organogenesis
- Alongside the neural tube, the mesoderm develops distinct paired
structures called ___ that develop into dermis, skeletal muscle, and
vertebrae.

A

somites

45
Q

Four compartments of somites

A

sclerotome, myotome, dermatome, and syndetome

46
Q

Derivative of ectoderm

A
  • epidermis of skin
  • epithelial lining of mouth and rectum
  • cornea and lens of the eyes
  • nervous system
47
Q

Derivative of endoderm

A
  • epithelial lining of digestive tract
  • epithelial lining of respiratory system
  • pancreas, thyroid and parathyroid, thymus, urogenital
48
Q

derivatives of mesoderm

A
  • notochord
  • skeletal and muscular system
  • circulatory and lymphatic
  • excretory system
49
Q

Solution to reproduction in a dry environment

A

amniote embryo

50
Q

develop in a fluid-filled sac within shell or uterus

A

amniote embryo

51
Q

avian version of blastula

A

blastodisc

52
Q

blastodisc, when becomes arranges into

A

epiblast and hypoblast

53
Q

during gastrulation some cells of the epiblast migrate towards the ___ of the embryo through the primitive streak

A

towards

54
Q

In early organogenesis the ___ is formed as lateral folds pinch the embryo away from the yolk.

A

archenteron

55
Q

The ___ (formed mostly by hypoblast cells) will keep
the embryo attached to the yolk.

A

yolk stalk

56
Q

Mammalian development

A
  1. Blastocyst reaches uterus
  2. Blastocyst implants
  3. Extraembryonic membranes starts to form
  4. Gastrulation produces three-layered embryo
57
Q

Begins with formation of the neural tube, notochord, and somite

A

organogenesis

58
Q

Masses of mesoderm that can be found distributed among the two sides of the neural tube

A

Somites

59
Q

Vertebrates whose vertebrates possess extraembryonic membrane

A

Amniotes (reptiles, birds, mammals)

60
Q

Embryos without extraembryonic membrane

A

Anamniotes (fishes, aphibians)

61
Q

Four extraembryonic membranes

A
  • yolk sac
  • amnion
  • chorion
  • allantois
62
Q

Most primitive membrane that surrounds the yolk, empties into the midgut

A

yolk sac

63
Q

Yolk sac
- highly vascular, ___ arteries and veins are continuous with the
circulatory channel within the embryo

A

vitelline

64
Q

Innermost layer that make up the amniotic sac

A

Amnion

65
Q

Surrounds the embryo within the amniotic sac

A

Amniotic fluid

66
Q

Amniotic fluid
- Metabolic water from ____
- buffers the fetus against ____
- help prevent ___ in embryos (oviparous)

A

embryonic tissues, mechanical injury, dessication

67
Q

Lies in intimate relationship with eggshell or lining of mother’s uterus

A

Chorion

68
Q

Extension of the hindgut of amniote embryos

A

Allantois

69
Q

When allantois comes in contact with inner surface of the chorion

A

chorioallantoic membrane

70
Q

When the allantois comes in direct contact with the lining of the maternal uterus

A

Chorioallantoic placenta

71
Q

Composite organ formed of maternal and fetal tissues serves as site for exchange between parent and embryo

A

placenta

72
Q

Placenta based on composition

A
  1. yolk sac placenta
  2. choriovitelline placenta
  3. chorioallantoic placenta
73
Q

yolk sac serves as part of a placenta, due to absence of amnion, chorion or allantois

A

yolk sac placenta

74
Q

yolk sac and chorion in direct contact with maternal uterus

A

choriovitelline placenta

75
Q

chorion and allantois in direct contact with maternal uterus

A

chorioallantoic placenta

76
Q

Placenta based on intimacy

A
  1. Contact or nondeciduous placenta
  2. deciduous placenta
77
Q

In simple contact with the uterine lining (endometrium), no shedding of lining at birth

A

contact placenta

78
Q

chorionic villi becomes rooted to endometrium, fetal part of placenta disengages (shed)

A

deciduous placents

79
Q

Placenta based on chorionic villi

A
  1. Cotyledonary placenta
  2. Zonary placenta
80
Q

In isolated patches, commonly found in sheep and cows

A

cotyledonary placenta

81
Q

In a band encircling the sac. Commonly found in cat, dog, or seal

A

zonary placenta

Comparative anatomy (3 decks)

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