Introduction Flashcards
Disease caused by infectious agent (bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi)
that is transferred to a susceptible host
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
Disease caused by ________ (bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi)
that is transferred to a ________
- infectious agent
- susceptible host
Infectious agents
bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi, parasites
who could be a susceptible host?
- weak resistance
- immunocompromised
who are the immunocompromised patients?
- pt with anemia
- leukemia
- HIV/AIDs
- pt who is taking corticosteroids
- pt who has bone marrow depression
what is corticosteroids?
immunosuppressant
entry of microorganism in the body
infection
infection will ____
proliferate
infection: ______ & _______ of microorganisms
growth and multiplication
easily infect others
contagious
contagious: it can easily be transmitted to _____
another person
example of contagious
TB, COVID19
could not easily infect others
infection
infectious needs ___
vector
example of infectious
dengue, malaria, typhoid fever
presence of infection in the body
sepsis
Asepsis is the ____ of infection in the body
absence
presence of infection in the blood
septicemia
clean technique
example: hand washing
medical asepsis
sterile technique
example: surgical hand washing
surgical asepsis
what is transient flora?
temporary microorganisms in the body
not ______ in _____ of the body
permanent
habitats
stays for weeks or hours
transient flora
what is resident flora?
permanent microorganisms in the body
flora in the vagina
doderlein bacillus
flora in stomach
heliconacter pylori
flora in the intestines
E.coli or Escherichia coli
saan nag lilead ang pag increase ng helicobacter pylori if kumain ka ng raw food or contaminated foods?
Gastritis which can also lead to peptic ulcers
any microorganisms that could cause infection
pathogen
ability of the microorganisms to cause infection to grow and multiply
pathogenecity
strength of the microorganisms
virulence/ vigor
what is nosocomial infection
hospi acquired infection
who are the people usually could get nosocomial infection?
pt who has catheter, ngt tube, tpn
contamination referred to something that is rendered ____ or ____
unclean or unsterile
somebody who carries microorganisms but does not manifest s/sx
carrier
direct and close association with an infected person
contact
pt shows s/sx
case
differentiate disinfection and sterilization
disinfection: process of destroying microorganisms but not their SPORES
sterilization: process of destroying and killing microorganisms including their SPORES
example of sterilization
autoclaving
a spore forming bacteria
clostridium tetani
differentiate bacteriostatic and bactericidal
bacteriostatic: halt/prevent the growth and multiplication of the bacteria
bactericidal: killing the bacteria
example of opportunistic
pneumocyctis carinii
enumerate the stages of infection (in order)
incubation period
prodromal stage
illness/ febrile/ active/ infective stage
convalescent/ recovery stage
Extends from entry of microorganisms to the appearance
of s/sx
incubation period
Extends from_____ of microorganisms to the______
entry
appearance
of s/sx
microorganism is growing and multiplying
incubation period
Patient is asymptomatic
incubation period
Appearance of nonspecific s/sx to appearance of specific
s/sx
prodromal period
Appearance of_______ s/sx to appearance of_____
s/sx
nonspecific
specific
appearance of specific s/sx
illness/active/infective/febrile stage
pathognomonic signs or cardinal signs become more evident
infective/febrile/active/illness stage
returns to pre normal state
convalescent/recovery stage
discuss the chain of infection
infectious/ causative agent
reservoir
portal of exit
mode of transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host
need reservoir to grow and multiply
infectious agent
natural habitat of the microorganisms where it grows, multiply, or obtain nourishment
reservoir
example of reservoir
human, animal, soil, water, air
Route where the microorganisms could leave their habitat
portal of exit
example of portal of exit
body fluids, fecal route, nose, anus
Direct, indirect, vehicle, airborne, droplet, vector,
food, animal
Mode of
Transmission
example of Mode of
Transmission
airborne, droplet, direct or indirect, vector, vehicle route
tiny particles that remains suspended in the air, they could travel to farther distances
airborne
through inhalation
airborne
example of airborne diseases
tb, rabbies, chicken pox
type of mask for airborne diseases
well fitted n95 mask
large particles which can only travels shorter distances
droplet
example of droplet route
coughing, laughing , talking with a distance of 3 ft, sneezing
example of direct contact?
direct sexual intercourse
through prolong skin to skin contact
utensils
indirect contact
what are the 5Fs in indirect contact?
finger
food
formites
feces
fly
through bites of mosquitos
vector
what are the types of immunity?
Active
natural active and artificial active
passive
natural passive and artificial passive
antibodies produced by own body
active
Active infection
Recovery from illness
natural active
lifelong immunity
natural active
artificial active?
Antigens that stimulate
antibody production
Ex: Vax, TT
injected antigens
artificial active
Antibodies derived from other sources
passive
Transferred from mother to
fetus through placenta or
colostrum
natural passive
Anti-serums, immunoglobulin
injected to a person
Ex: anti-tetanus, anti-rabies,
hyperimmunoglobulin
artificial passive
what is sporadic (isolated)
Occasional, intermittent, few cases, seasonal
Continuously present in a certain geographical area
endemic
Unusually large number of cases
epidemic
worldwid
pandemic
leptos pyrosis
sporadic
malaria in palawan, schistosomiasis in manila
endemic
covid 19, sars
pandemic
first line of defense
neutrophils
neutrophils kill and engulf?
bacteria and fungi
they breakdown bacteria
monocytes
lymphocytes consists of?
tcells and bcells
cells that fight against cancer?
tcells
cells that produce antibodies to fight off bacteria/virus
bcells
serve as ALARM when infectious agent strikes
basophil
basophils secretes what chemical?
histamine
how histamine works?
for allergic reactions
anti inflammatory effects
eosinophil
eosinophils attack and kill?
parasites
helps basophils in ALLERGIC REACTIONS
eosinophils
IgA is foud in?
saliva or tears
increase concentration to mucous membrane, lining of respiratory passages and GIT
IgA
1st antibodies to produce incase of infection
IgM
IgM is found in?
Blood and lymph
most abundant antibodies
IgG
IgG is responsible in fighting off what?
bacterial and viral infections
IgE fights what?
parasitic infections and allergic reactions
where do IgE found?
Lungs and skin and mucus membrane
least understood?
IgD
wear ____ when touching
B
M
N
Clean gloves
bloods and body fluids
mucous membranes
non intact skin
Perform ___ immediately when:
D
A
B
handwashing
direct contact with blood and body fluids
after removing gloves
between patient contact
Prevent ____
Never
Never
Use
Injuries
never attempt to re cap a used needle
never point a needle to any part of your body
use your puncture proof needle container
what type of room do patient with airborne disease go?
negative pressure room
good air?
bad air?
goes in
goes out
Airborne precautions
P
N nurse wear ?
Client wear?
private room- negative pressure room
N95 ( well fitted)
mask (always)
remain room unavailable for ___ when patient leaves
1 hour
2 patient who have the same causative agent should stay in 1 room
cohorting or cohabituation
CONTACT PRECAUTIONS
C
Personnel use?
Remove what?
Cohorting
personnel use gloves when entering the room
remove gloves when leaving the room
law on reporting of communicable diseases
ra 3573
Mandatory Reporting of Notifiable Diseases and
Health Events of Public Health Concern Act
Enacted to replace the 90-year old “Law on
Reporting of Communicable Diseases”
ra 11332
An act further liberalizing the Treatment of
Leprosy by Amending and Repealing Certain
Sections of the Revised Administrative Code
ra 4073
An act requiring Compulsory Immunization
Against Hepatitis-B for Infants and Children Below
8-years-old
ra 7846
old epi law
pd 996
new epi law; mandatory infant and children immunization act (MICHA act)
ra 10152
clean air act
ra 8749
code of sanitation
ra 856
toxic substances, hazardous wastes, and nuclear waste act
ra 6969
anti-rabbies law
ra 9482
tabacco control act
ra 9211
ph medical act: nurses could perform responsibilities of physician during epidemic, pandemic, and emergency situation
ra 2382
AIDS/HIV prevention control act
ra 8504
national immunization day
what RA and what month?
pd 147 (march 3,1993)
april and may
rooming in and breastfeeding
ra 7600
