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Immunology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity

A

Actively resist disease

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2
Q

Immunology

A

Study of immunity

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3
Q

Immune system

A

Network of cells, tissues, organs, and the substances they make that helps the body fight infections and other diseases

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4
Q

Physical barrier

A
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5
Q

Chemical barriers

A
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5
Q

Adaptive immune system summary

A
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6
Q

Innate response

A
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7
Q

Innate immunity

A

Relies on recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs)

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8
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
-small, conserved, molecular motifs

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9
Q

PRR classes

A
  1. Toll-like receptors
  2. RIG-like receptors
  3. Nod-like receptors
  4. C-type lectin receptors
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10
Q

Phagocytosis and oxygen dependant killing

A

-Induce production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
-Catalyse oxidation of microbial constituents= microbial killing
-Happens within the phagolysosome

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11
Q

Inflammatory response

A
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12
Q

Antigen presentation

A

-T cell receptors (TCRs) recognise antigens
-Antigens are presented to T cells via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins

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12
Q

Macrophae interaction with S.aureus

A
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13
Q

Classes of T cells

A
  1. Cytotoxic (Tc): releases performing and granzyme (cell lysis)
  2. Helper (Th): releases cytokine (inflammation)
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14
Q

Opsonization

A

Immune process which uses opsonins, eg antibodies, to coat pathogens and other particles, making them easier for phagocytes to eat

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14
Q

Antibody production

A
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15
Q

Complement system

A

Proteins that are recruited by bound Abs to:
1. Directly lyse cells
2. Induce opsonization

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16
Q

Antibody mediated response

A
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17
Q

Primary and secondary antibody response

A
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18
Q

Immunogen

A

substance that induces an immune response

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19
Q

Epitope

A

Portion of anigen bound by the antibody/TCR
- 4-6 aa
- Antibodies bind nativ epitopes
- TCR bind digested/linear epitopes

20
Q

TCR structure

A

-Membrane spanning
-alpha chain and a Beta chain
-Variable domain: binds the antigen
-Constant domain

21
Q

MHC1

A

-Major histocompatibility complex
-On all nucleated cells
- alpha chain encoded by MHC gene region
-Alpha chain embedded in membrane
- Beta chain encoded by non-MHC Beta-2-microglubulin (B2m)

22
Q

MHC II

A

-On Beta cells, macrophages and dendritic cells (APCs)
-Alpha and Beta chain noncovalently linked and embedded in membrane

23
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

-CD8+ cells
-Contact induce degranulation
-Perforin form pores in target cell
-Granzymes enter cell and induce programmed cell death

24
Q

Natural killer cell mechanism

A
25
Q

Three features of adaptive immune response

A

-specificity
-Memory
-Tolerance

insert

26
Q

Myeloid precursor

A
27
Q

Lymphoid precursor

A
28
Q

Lymphoid precursor

A
29
Q

Innate immune system

A

Physical
Chemical
Inflammatory response cells (innate response)

30
Q

M1 Macrophage

A

Proinflammatory
-Microbial and tumoral
-Tissue damage

31
Q

M2 macrophage

A

-Anti-inflammatory activity
-Phagocytosis
-Tissue regeneration and repair
-Angiogenesis and immunomodulation
-Tumor formation and progression

32
Q

Specificty

A

Immune cells recognise and react with individual molecules via direct molecular interactions

33
Q

Memory

A

The immune response to a specific antigen is faster and stronger upon subsequent exposure because the initial antigen exposure induced growth and division of antigen-reactive cell, resulting in multiple copies of antigen -reactive cells

34
Q

Tolerance

A

Immune cells are not able to react with self antigens. Self-reactive cells are destroyed during the development of the immune response

35
Q

IgG

A

Major circulating antibodies with 4 subclasses
-found in:
*Extracellular fluid
*blood and lymph
*crosses placenta

36
Q

IgM

A

First antibody to appear after immunisation
-Strong complement activator
-Found in: blood and lymph, monomer is B cell surface receptor

37
Q

IgA

A

Important circulating antibody and major secretory antibody
Found in:
Secretions (saliva, blood fluids)
Monomer in blood and dimer in secretions

38
Q

IgD

A

Minor circulating antibody
Found in b lymphocyte surfaces

39
Q

IgE

A

Involved in allergic reactions and parasitic immunity
found in:
Blood and lymph, Ch4 binds to mast cells ad eosinophils

40
Q

Humural response

A

B cells binds to antigen
-The B cells ingest the antibody and present it on their surface of MHC class II
-The antigen binds to to the TCR on helper T cell
-This activates the B cell which causes clonal expansion to occur
-This causes the b cell to divide rapidly and differentiate into 2 types
-Plasma cells produce antibodies that can bind to the antigen
-Memory B cells provide long lasting immunity

41
Q

inflammatory response

A

-Tissue damage and M infection is recognised by immune cells like macrophages
-These cells release chemokines and cytokines
-This causes inflammation as well as causes more immune cells to go to site of infection

42
Q

inflammation main goals

A

-Destroy invading M
-Induce local blood clotting to reduce spread of infection
-repair injured tissue

43
Q

Phagocytosis

A

-Recognition and adherance (PAMP binds to TLR)
-Engulfment (Phagosome)
-Fusion of phagosome with lysosome

44
Q

Cell mediated response

A

-Infected cell presents antigens through its MHC molecules
-These become antigen presenting cells (APC)
-Cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells recognise abnormal cells through MHC class I and destroy them
-Helper (CD4+) T cells recognise MHC class II and activate other immune cells like macrophages and beta cells as well as cytokines
-Clonal expansion: Activated Cytoxic T cells from cytokines divide and differentiate into effector T cytotoxic cells (active T killer cell) and memory T cells
-effector cytotoxic cells then release enzymes like perforins and granzymes which induce apoptosis

45
Q

TLR1/2

A

Ligand: Triacyl lipoproteins (Gram-positive bacteria)
Pathway: MyD88-dependent
Activates: NF-κB (Cytokines)

46
Q

TLR2/6

A

Ligand: Diacyl lipoproteins (Gram-positive bacteria)
Pathway: MyD88-dependent
Activates: NF-κB (Cytokines)

47
Q

TLR4

A

Ligand: LPS (Gram-negative bacteria)
Pathway: MyD88-dependent (Cytokines) & TRIF-dependent (Interferons)
Activates: NF-κB (Cytokines), IRF3 (Interferons)

47
Q

TLR3

A

Ligand: Double-stranded RNA (Viruses)
Pathway: TRIF-dependent
Activates: IRF3 (Interferons)

48
Q

TLR5

A

Ligand: Flagellin (Bacteria)
Pathway: MyD88-dependent
Activates: NF-κB (Cytokines)

49
Q

TLR7/8

A

Ligand: Single-stranded RNA (Viruses)
Pathway: MyD88-dependent
Activates: NF-κB (Cytokines), IRF7 (Interferons)

50
Q

TLR9

A

Ligand: CpG DNA (Bacteria and viruses)
Pathway: MyD88-dependent
Activates: NF-κB (Cytokines), IRF7 (Interferons)

Immunology (7 decks)

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