Introduction Flashcards
Principles of Pharmacology Nurses need to know
- Action
- Usual Dosage
- Desired effect
- Potential side effects
Any substance that is administered for diagnosis, cure, relief, prevention of diseases
Medication
Associated with illegally acquired substance
Drug
Study of how each individual will respond to specific drugs
Pharmacogenetics
Study of biochemical and physiological effects or influence of drugs
Pharmacodynamics
Factors affecting drug action
Development considerations
Weight
Sex
Genetic and cultural factors
Psychological factors
Pathology
Environment
Time of administration
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion of drug
Key elements in drug dosage and frequency
Critical concentration
Loading dose
Dynamic equilibrium
Key element in drug dosage and frequency that is the amount of drug that is needed to cause therapeutic effect
Critical concentration
Key element in drug dosage and frequency that is the higher dose than that usually used or given for treatment
Loading dose
Key element in drug dosage and frequency that is the actual concentration that a drug reaches in the body resulting from a balance in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and exretion
Dynamic equilibrium
Process by which drug is transferred from site of entry into the body
Absorption
Factors affecting absorption
Route of administration
drug solubility
pH
drug dosage
serum drug levels
Highest plasma concentration of the drug
Peak level
Point when the drug is at its lowest concentration
Trough level
Waste in which drugs are transported to the sides of action metabolism and excretion
Distribution
A percentage of the drug has bound to the plasma proteins leaving only the amount not bound free in the circulation to produce the drug action
Protein binding
Initial distribution of the drug depends on the cardiac output and blood flow to local tissue
Circulation
Metabolism is also known as
Bio transformation
Process by which the body inactivates drugs
Metabolism
Two phases of biotransformation
Chemical change into drug molecule
Conjugation
Elimination of drug metabolites through GI tract to feces and through renal tubules into the urine
Excretion
What is the major organ of drug excretion
Kidneys
Factors influencing drug effects
Weight
gender
age
physiological factors
pathological factors
immunological factors
psychological factors
environmental factors
drug tolerance
drug resistance
dependence
hydration
disease
social factors
Treatment that appears real but is designed to have no therapeutic benefit
Placebo effect
Is the increasing response to repeated doses of a drug that occurs when the rate of administration exceeds the rate of metabolism or excretion
Cumulative effect
Study of how drugs may best be used in the treatment of diseases
Pharmacotherapeutics
Study of which drug would be most or at least appropriate to use for a specific disease and dose required
Pharmacotherapeutics
Six major drug uses
Symptomatic treatment
preventive drugs
diagnostic drugs
curative drugs
health maintenance drugs contraceptive drugs
Types of adverse effects
Primary action
secondary actions
hypersensitivity
A condition that occurs when the body gets used to a medicine so that either more medicine is needed or different medicine is needed
Drug tolerance
Increase response related to repeated dose decrease metabolism and excretion
Commutative response
Rapid development of tolerance to drug
Tachyphylaxis
A psychologic craving for, habituation to, abuse of, or physiologic reliance on a chemical substance
Drug dependence
Immunologic reaction to a drug anaphylactic reaction
Drug allergy
Four classifications of allergic response
Anaphylactic reaction
delayed allergic reaction
cytotoxic reaction
serum sickness reaction
It is an agent that can disturb the development of the embryo or fetus it helps the pregnancy or produce a congenital malformation
Teratogen
It is a study of drugs that I from herbal and other natural resources deals with the sources of procurement chemistry of natural product
Pharmacognosy
Study of dosage/amount of drug to treat diseases
Posology
It is an act to promote, require, and ensure the production of an adequate supply distribution using acceptance of drugs and medicines identified by the generic names
R.A 6675 Generic act of 1988
Genetic manipulation of non-pathogenic rapidly growing bacteria it is to manufacture complex biological compounds which are extremely difficult costly to prepare
Gene splicing
What does a chemically modifying substances available from natural sources
Antimicrobial agents
It is prepared by completely modifying animal insulin so it has precisely the same chemical structure
Human insulin products
Involves the manipulation of proteins to permit for the large scale production of complex natural substances
Biotechnology
