Immune Response Flashcards
What are the first line of defenses
Skin
mucous membrane
secretions
gastric acid
major histocompatibility complex
What are the cellular defenses
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Respond to a bacterial infection (pyogenic infection), acute
inflammation, heart attack, or burn
Neutrophils
The substances include histamine, heparin, and other chemicals
used in the inflammatory response.
Basophils
Respond to parasitic infection, allergic reaction, cancer
Eosinophils
Remove foreign material from the body, including
pathogens, debris from dead cells, and necrotic tissue from injury sites
Monocytes
is the local reaction of the body to
invasion or injury. Any insult to the body that
injures cells or tissues sets off a series of events
and chemical reactions.
Inflammatory response
Four inflammatory response
a．Kinin System
b．Histamine Release
c．Chemotaxis
d．Clinical Presentation
Five (5) Different Types of Immunoglobulins
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgG
IgE
the first immunoglobulin being released, which contains the
antibodies produced at the first exposure to the antigen.
IgM
another form of immunoglobulin, contains antibodies made by the
memory cells that circulate and enter the tissue; most of the
immunoglobulin found in the serum
IgG
found in tears, saliva, sweat, mucus, and bile. It is secreted by
plasma cells in the GI and respiratory tracts and in epithelial cells. These
antibodies react with specific pathogens that are encountered in exposed
areas of the body.
IgA
present in small amounts and seems to be related to allergic
responses and to the activation of mast cells.
IgE
another identified immunoglobulin whose role has not been
determined.
IgD
Normally released by the adrenal glands
- mimics action of steroid hormone
Corticosteroids
Aldosterone-like actions and balances
electrolytes through Na and water reabsorption.
Mineralocorticoid
regulates CHON, carbo, and fat metabolism;
affects metabolism. Promotes antibodies, does not produce insulin
Glucocorticoids
Addisonian 3 signs
Decreased BP
Cyanosis
Shock
Long term steroid use/rapid cessation
Addisonian disease
Cortisone use
Tiredness and apathy
Cushing’s disease
Cushing’s disease’s vital signs
Increased BP
Decreased RR and PR
Corticosteroids Parenteral
prednisone
dexamethasone
hydrocortisone
betamethasone
Corticosteroids Inhaled
beclomethasone
dexamathesone
Corticosteroids Opthalmic
dexamethasone
flouromethalone (Fl
Corticosteroids Topical
betamethasone dipropionate
Acetic acids
indomethacin (INDOCIN)
• diclofenac sodium
Carboxylic acids
Aspirin
Sodium Salicylates
Propionic acids
ibuprofen (MOTRIN, ADVIL)
• ketoprofen (ORUDIS)
• naproxen
Common NSAIDS
Aspirin
Indomethacin
Diclofenac sodium
Ibuprofen
Common COXIB
- celecoxib (CELEBREX)
- etoricoxib (ARCOXIA)
- rofecoxib (VIOXX)
4 meloxicam
Have same effects of NSAIDSbut have little to no effect on platelet
aggregation
Cox-2 Inhibitors
Used in the management of spasticity associated with severe chronic
disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis, Cerebral Palsy, Rheumatic Disorders.
Skeletal muscle relaxant
Common muscle relaxant
baclofen (Lioresal)
2. chlorzoxazone (Paraflex)
3. diazepam (Valium)
4. dantrolene (Dantrium)
5. butolinum Toxin Type B (Myoblock)
6. pancuronium Bromide (Pavulon)
A common, often asymptomatic disorder in which blood pressure
persistently exceeds 140/90 mmHg
Hypertension
Indicated for HPN, prophylaxis for migraine headaches,
treatment of severe dysmenorrhea or menopausal,
glaucoma
Adrenergic agents
Adrenergic agents
prazosin (Minipress)
-clonidine (Catapres)
-reserpine (Serpasil)
-methyldopa
Inhibits angiotensin- converting enzyme which is responsible
for converting angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, the latter a potent
vasoconstrictor and stimulator of aldosterone.
Ace inhibitors
Ace inhibitors
captopril (Capoten)
-enalapril (Vasotec)
-lisinopril
One of the newest classes of antihypertensives. Does not
cause cough.
ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR
BLOCKERS
Stimulates production of aldosterone causing
increase BP
Angiotensin 2
ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR
BLOCKERS
lozartan (Cozaar)
-valsartan (Diovan)
-telmisartan
First line agents for HPN. This is also for ANGINA
Calcium channel blockers
are a class of drugs and natural substance with effect on many excitable
cells like heart, smooth muscles of the vessels or neuron cells
Calcium Channel blockers
the most potent smooth muscle dilator and
common agent used for severe HPN and HPN crisis
Nifedipine
Common drugs of Calcium channel blockers
nifedipine
-verapamil
-amlodipine
-diltiazem
-felodipine
Used to improve cardiac function . This is best for HPN, MI, Angina
2. Reduction of intraocular pressure
Beta-adrenergic
THE 4 C’s of HPN
C-oronary Artery Disease
C-oronary Rheumatic Fever
C- ongestive Heart Failure
C- ardio Vascular Accident
Beta blockers
-propranolol
-atenolol
-nadolol
-esmolol
-metoprolol
are primarily used to treat hypotension which may be a
manifestation of a shock state.
Anti hypotensive
Anti hypotension is also called as
CARDIOSELECTIVE SYMPATHOMIMETICS
DRUGS FOR BRADYCARDIA
I- ISOPROTERENOL
D- dopamine
E-Epinephrine
A- Atropine Sulfate
management of profoundly symptomatic bradycardia or cardiac arrest,
status asthmaticus and anaphylaxis
Epinephrine
has a potent inotropic and chronotropic properties
- a drug used to treat bradycardia conditions.
ISOPROTERENOL
increase force of cardiac contraction and increases cardiac output
with minimal increase in heart rate, thus producing less myocardial O2
demand
dopamine
treatment of pulmonary congestion with low cardiac output, septic
shock, CHF, used with dopamine for the treatment of cardiogenic shock
Dobutamine
Three types of angina
Chronic Stable Angina
Unstable Angina
Vasospastic angina
What is the primary cause of chronic stable angina
Atherosclerosis
The early stage of progressive CAD often ends in MI
Unstable angina
Results from spasms of the smooth muscles that surround the
atherosclerotic coronary arteries
-Pain happens without precipitating cause
Vasospastic angina
Main stay of both prophylaxis and treatment for angina and other cardiac
problems
Nitrates/Nitrites
Traditionally, the
most important drug used in the symptomatic treatment of ischemic
heart conditions such as angina.
Nitroglycerine drip
