Introduction Flashcards
is the study of science, computing, and
engineering theories behind the technology that goes into
creating images, the integration of this technology into imaging
system, and the application of those systems to gather
information and solve scientific problems.
IMAGING SCIENCE
interdisciplinary science and includes computer
science, information science, decision science , management
science, cognitive science and organizational theory, all motivated
by the need for new solutions to enhance the quality and safety of
patient care.
INFORMATICS
is a process of passing information from one person to
another or from one place to another.
INFORMATICS
refers to any general-purpose-stored-program
electronic digital computer.
COMPUTER
refers to a continuously varying quantity; a digital system uses only
two values that vary discretely through coding.
ANALOG
used in many commercial and scientific
applications. Digital meters are easier to read and can be more precise.
analog and digital meters
system have provided for development of
Teleradiography
telecommunication
which is transfer of images and patient date
to remote locations for interpretation and filing.
teleradiography
has changed the way human resources are
allocated for this task.
teleradiography
The earliest calculating
tool, the __________ was
invented thousand of
years ago in China and is
still used in some parts of
Asia.
abacus
In 17th century,______________ built mechanical
calculators using pegged wheels
that could performed the four
basic arithmetic functions of add,
minus, times and divide.
Blaise Pascal and
Gottfried Leibniz
In 1842, _____________ designed an analytical engine that
perform general calculations automatically.
Charles Babbage
designed a tabulating machine to record
census data in 1890.
Herman Hollerith
Hollerith’s company grew to become ________________ is an American multinational information
technology company headquartered. The company produces and
sells computer hardware, middleware and software, and provides
hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe
computers to nanotechnology.
IBM (International Business
Machines Corporation)
In 1939, ________&________ designed and built the first
electronic digital computer
John Atansoff and Clifford
Berry
In December 1943, the British built
the first fully operational working
computer, called _________.
Colossus
which was designed to crack
encrypted German military codes.
Colossus
The first general-purpose modern
computer was developed in 1944 at
Harvard University. Originally called
the _______________ it is now known
simply as Mark I. It was an
electromechanical device that was
exceedingly slow and was prone to
malfunction.
Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator (ASCC)
The first general-purpose electronic
computer was developed in 1946 at
the University of Pennsylvania by ___________.
J.
Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
This computer, called ENIAC
_____________ contained more than
_______ vacuum tubes that failed at
an average rate of one every 7
minutes.
ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator)
18,000
In 1948, scientist led by _________ at the Bell Telephone Laboratories developed the transistor.
William Shockley
an electronic switch that alternately allows or does not allow electronic signal to
pass. It made possible the development of “stored program’’
computer and thus the continuing explosion in computer science.
Transistor
The transistor allowed _________ of the Sperry-
Rand Corporation to develop
________ which appeared in
1951 as the first commercially
successful general purpose,
stored program electronic
digital computer
Eckert
and Mauchly
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
Computer)
allowed Eckert and Mauchly of the Sperry-Rand
Corporation to develop UNIVAC ( Universal Automatic
Computer),
which appeared in 1951 as the first commercially
successful general-purpose, stored program electronic digital
computer.
Transistor
incorporates more than 1
million transistors on a
chip of silicon that measures less than 1 cm on a side
Celeron microprocessor
Computers have undergone _________ of development
distinguised by the technology of their electronic devices
FOUR GENERATION
computers were vacuum tube devices (1939-1958)
First Generation
computers, which became generally available in
about 1958, were based on individually packaged transistors
Second generation
computers used integrated circuits (IC’s), which
consist of many transistors and other electronic elements fused onto
a chip
Third Generation
tiny piece of semiconductor material, usually silicon. These
were introduced in 1964
chip
The microprocessor was developed in
1971 by Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation.
The ____________ of computers, which first
appeared in1975
was an extension of the third generation and incorporated
large-scale integration (LSI); this has now been replaced by very large-
scale integration ( VSLI), which places millions of circuit
elements on a chip that measures less than 1 cm.
Fourth Generation
The _________ is everything about the computer that is
visible – the physical components of the system that include the various input and output devices.
• Input Processing
• memory
• storage
• output
• and communications
Hardware
All computer languages translate what the user inputs into a
series of ________ that the computer can understand.
1s and 0s
Although the computer can accept and report alphabetic
characters and numeric information in the decimal system,
it operates in the _________. In the decimal system, the system we normally use, 10 digits (0-9) are used.
binary system.
comes from the Latin word for “finger”
or “toe”.
Digit
The _______ in a computer is the primary Unit
element that allows the computer to manipulate and
carry out software instructions.
central processing unit (cpu)
In microcomputer, this is often referred to as the
Microprocessor
The ______ is designed for large, high
performance, multiuser or multitasking system.
A computer’s processor
(CPU) consist of a control
unit and an Arithmetic/Logic Unit ( ALU)
Pentium processor
These two computers and all other components are
connected by an electrical conductor called a
bus
speeds usually are defined in
megahertz (MHz), where 1 MHz equals to 1 million
cycles per second. Today’s
microprocessor commonly
run at up to several
gigahertz.
1 GHz = 1000 MHz
Microcomputer processing
Computer memory is distinguised from storage by it’s function. Whereas ____ is more active, _______ is more
archival.
memory
storage
referred to as memory, primary
storage, internal memory, or Random Access Memory
R.A.M/ RAM
Active Storage
means
data can be stored or
accessed at random from
anywhere in main memory
in approximately equal
amounts of time regardless of where data is located.
random access
types of ram
DRAM (dynamic)
StaticRam
chips are more widely use,
DRAM
chips
are faster. _____ retains its memory even if power
to the computer is lost but it is more expensive
than DRAM and requires more space and power.
SRAM
the working storage of a
computer
Main memory
contains information supplied
by the manufacturers, called firmware that
cannot be written on or erased.
Three variation or ROM chips are used in special
situations:
PROM, EPROM and EEPROM
Read only memory (ROM)
Chips are blank chips that a user, with special equipment can write
programs to. After the program is written, it cannot be erased.
PROM/programmable read-only memory
Chips are similar to PROM chips except that the contents are
erasable with the use of a special device that express the chip to
ultraviolet light.
EPROM/erasable programmable read-only memory
Can be reprogrammed with the use of special electronic
impulses
EEPROM/electronically erasable programmable read-only memory
is the main circuit board
in a system unit. This board
contains microprocessor, or
any co-processor chips, RAM
chips, ROM chips, other types
of memory.
motherboard or system
board
All data processed by a computer pass through main
memory. The most effecient computers therefore, have
enough main memory to store all data and programs
needed for processing.
Usually, secondary memory is required in the form of CDs,
Dvds, HDDs and SSDs. Secondary memory functions
similarly to a filing cabinet-you store information there
until you need to retrieve it.
motherboard
used to refer to a collection of
data or information that is treated as a unit by
the computer.
Common files are program files such as data files, image
files, audio files and video files
word file
is an archival form of memory.
storage
A kilobyte/kb is
A megabyte/mb is
A gigabyte/gb is
A terabyte/tb is
1024 bytes
million of bytes
1 billion of bytes
1024 gigabytes
stores data and programs as tiny indentions or pits on a disc-
shaped, flat piec of Mylar plastic.
CD/ COMPACT DISC
-operate in the same manner as CDs but offer higher
capacity.
DVDs and Blu-ray DISC
are thin, rigid glass or metal platters. Each side of the
platter is coated with a recording material that can bemagnitized. HDD are tightly sealed in a hard disc drive,
and data can be recorded on both sides of the disc platters. It is typically located inside the computer but
can also be attached externally.
HARD DISC DRIVES/HDDs
These drives are typically of a lower capacity that
HDDs and more expensive. However, they store data
based on solid state principles and therefore allow for
much faster access to data and are more durable than
traditional HDDs.
Solid-state drive/ SSD
system consists of two or
more-disc drives in a single
cabinet that collectively act as
a single storage system. RAID
systems have greater
reliability because if one-disc
drive fail, other can take over.
REDUNDANT ARRAY OF INDEPENDENT DISC/ RAID
consists of devices that translate
computer information into a form that humans can
understand.
output hardware
are thinner and lighter and consume less power than CRTs. These
displays are made of two plates of glass with a substance between
them that can be activiated in different ways. Flat panel displays are
most prevalent form of display in radiology departments todays.
Flat panel displays/ liquid crystal displays/LCD
Are another form of output device and are
categorized by the manner in which the print
mechanism physically contacts the paper to print
an image.
Printers
operates similarly to a
photocopying machine. Images
are created with dots on a drum,
are treated with a magnetically
charged ink like substance called
toner., and then then are
transferred from drum to paper.
Laser printer used
for medical
imaging
laser printers
Also form images with
little dots. These
printers electrically
charge small drops of
ink that are then quieter
and less expensive and
can also print in color
inkjet printers
includes standard typewriter keys that are used to
enter words and numbers and function keys that
enter specific command.
keyboard
Translate images of text,
drawings, or
photographs into a
digital format
recognizable by the
computer.
scanners
Translate analog sound
into digital format.
Similalrly, video images,
such as those from a
camcorder, are digitized by
a special video that can be
installed in a computer.
Audio input device
collects data directly from the environment and
transmit them to a computer. Sensors are use to
detect things such as wind speed or temperature.
sensors
detect specific movements and characteristics of the human
body. Security systems that identify a person through a finger
print or a retinal vascular pattern are example of these.
Human biology input devices
