Introduction

Question 1

these are microorganisms found in the intestines

Answer 1

enterobacteria

Question 2

enterobacteria produces substances called ____ which are lethal to related strains of bacteria.

Answer 2

bacteriocins

Question 3

these microorganisms are normal in one part of the body yet produce infection in another.

Answer 3

resident flora

Question 4

is a normal inhabitant of a large intestine but a common cause of infection in the urinary tract.

Answer 4

Escherichia coli

Question 5

is the growth of microorganisms in body tissue where they are not usually found. such a microorganism is called an infectious agent.

Answer 5

infection

Question 6

if the microorganisms produce no clinical evidence of disease, the infection is called what?

Answer 6

asymptomatic or clinical

Question 7

a detectable alteration of a normal tissue function is called what?

Answer 7

disease

Question 8

if the infectious agent can be transmitted to an individual direct or indirect contact or as an airborne infection, the resulting condition is called

Answer 8

communicable disease.

Question 9

is the ability to produce disease

Answer 9

pathogenicity

Question 10

is a microorganisms that causes disease

Answer 10

pathogens

Question 11

causes a disease only in a susceptible individual

Answer 11

opportunistic pathogen

Question 12

is the freedom from disease-causing microorganisms and to decrease the possibility of transferring microoorganisms from one place to another.

Answer 12

asepsis

Question 13

what are the two basic types of asepsis?

Answer 13

medical and surgical

Question 14

include all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area, limiting the number, growth and transmission of microorganisms

Answer 14

medical asepsis

Question 15

in medical asepsis,objects are referred to as ___ which means the absence of almost all microorganisms and ___ which means likely to have microorvanisms.

Answer 15

clean and dirty

Question 16

refers to those practices that keep an area or object free of all microorganisms; it includes practices that destroy all microorganisms and spores.

Answer 16

sterile technique

Question 17

used for all procedures involving the sterile areas of the body.

Answer 17

surgical asepsis.

Question 18

is the condition in which acute organ dysfunction occurs secondary to infection.

Answer 18

sepsis

Question 19

what are the four major categories of microorganisms that cause infection in humans.

Answer 19

bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.

Question 20

most common infection causing microorganisms.

Answer 20

bacteria

Question 21

these are transported through water,food, soil, body tissues and fluid and inanimate objects.

Answer 21

bacteria

Question 22

consists primarily of nucleic acid and therefore must enter living cells in order to reproduce.

Answer 22

viruses

Question 23

These microorganisms include yeast and molds.

Answer 23

fungi

Question 24

is a yeast considered to be a normal flora in the human vagina.

Answer 24

candida albicans

Question 25

live on other living organisms, they include protozoa such as the one that causes malaria, helminths (worms), arthropods (mites, fleas and ticks.

Answer 25

parasites

Question 26

infections can be ___ and ___

Answer 26

local or systemic

Question 27

process by which strains of microorganisms become resident flora.

Answer 27

colonization

Question 28

is limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain.

Answer 28

local infection

Question 29

if the microorganisms spread and damage different parts of the body, the infection is a..

Answer 29

systemic infection

Question 30

when a culture of individuals blood reveals microorganisms the condition is called what?

Answer 30

bacteremia

Question 31

when bacteremia results in systemic infection, it is referred to as…

Answer 31

septicemia

Question 32

generally appear suddenly or last a short time.

Answer 32

acute infections

Question 33

may occur slowly , over a very long period, and may last months or years.

Answer 33

chronic infections

Question 34

are classified as infections that originate in the hospital.

Answer 34

nosocomial infections

Question 35

nosocomial infections are subgroup of ___ that originate in any healthcare settings.

Answer 35

healthcare associated infections(HAIs)

Question 36

the microorganisms that cause nosocomial infections can originate from the client themselves

Answer 36

endogenous source

Question 37

these are the microorganisms coming from the hospital environment and hospital personnel

Answer 37

exogenous sources

Question 38

these 3 are the common infecting microorganisms.

Answer 38

E.Coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and enteroccoci

Question 39

a spore forming bacillus that infects the gastrointestinal tract following treatment of other infections with antibiotics

Answer 39

Clostridium difficile

Question 40

are the direct results of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

Answer 40

iatrogenic infections

Question 41

it is a common vehicle for the spread of microorganisms

Answer 41

hand

Question 42

what are the six links that make up the chain of infection?

Answer 42

etiologic agent or microorganisms, reservoir, a portal of exit, mode of transmission, a portal of entry into a host, and the susceptibility of the host.

Question 43

the extent to which microorganism is capable of producing an infectious process depends on the number of microorganisms present.

Answer 43

etiologic agent.

Question 44

is a human or animal reservoir of a specific or infectious agent that usually does not manifest any clinical signs of disease.

Answer 44

carrier

Question 45

antibodies are also called ___ are part of the body’s plasma proteins.

Answer 45

immunoglobulins

Question 46

what are the two major types of immunity?

Answer 46

active and passive immunity

Question 47

it is the type of immunity where the host produces antibodies in response to natural antigens or artificial antigens.

Answer 47

active immunity

Question 48

this may produce an antibodies molecule of five classes of immunoglobulins designated by letters and usually written as Igm, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE

Answer 48

B cells

Question 49

this is the type of immunity where the host receives natural or artificial antibodies produced by another source.

Answer 49

passive immunity

Question 50

this immune response occurs through the T-cell system, when exposed to antigen the lymphoid tissue releases large numbers of activated T-cells into the lymph system.

Answer 50

cell mediated defenses or cellular immunity

Question 51

it is recommended for older adults which are vaccinated last 5 years previously

Answer 51

pneumococcal vaccine

Question 52

it is a major underlying disease predisposing clients to infection because compromised peripheral vascular status increased serum glucose levels susceptibility

Answer 52

diabetes mellitus

Question 53

this mosquito reservoir carries the malaria parasite but is unaffected by it.

Answer 53

anopheles

Question 54

spores that are transferred to clients via the hands of healthcare personnel who have touched a contaminated surface or item

Answer 54

C. difficile (Clostridium difficile)