Introduction Flashcards
these are microorganisms found in the intestines
enterobacteria
enterobacteria produces substances called ____ which are lethal to related strains of bacteria.
bacteriocins
these microorganisms are normal in one part of the body yet produce infection in another.
resident flora
is a normal inhabitant of a large intestine but a common cause of infection in the urinary tract.
Escherichia coli
is the growth of microorganisms in body tissue where they are not usually found. such a microorganism is called an infectious agent.
infection
if the microorganisms produce no clinical evidence of disease, the infection is called what?
asymptomatic or clinical
a detectable alteration of a normal tissue function is called what?
disease
if the infectious agent can be transmitted to an individual direct or indirect contact or as an airborne infection, the resulting condition is called
communicable disease.
is the ability to produce disease
pathogenicity
is a microorganisms that causes disease
pathogens
causes a disease only in a susceptible individual
opportunistic pathogen
is the freedom from disease-causing microorganisms and to decrease the possibility of transferring microoorganisms from one place to another.
asepsis
what are the two basic types of asepsis?
medical and surgical
include all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area, limiting the number, growth and transmission of microorganisms
medical asepsis
in medical asepsis,objects are referred to as ___ which means the absence of almost all microorganisms and ___ which means likely to have microorvanisms.
clean and dirty
refers to those practices that keep an area or object free of all microorganisms; it includes practices that destroy all microorganisms and spores.
sterile technique
used for all procedures involving the sterile areas of the body.
surgical asepsis.
is the condition in which acute organ dysfunction occurs secondary to infection.
sepsis
what are the four major categories of microorganisms that cause infection in humans.
bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.
most common infection causing microorganisms.
bacteria
these are transported through water,food, soil, body tissues and fluid and inanimate objects.
bacteria
consists primarily of nucleic acid and therefore must enter living cells in order to reproduce.
viruses
These microorganisms include yeast and molds.
fungi
is a yeast considered to be a normal flora in the human vagina.
candida albicans
live on other living organisms, they include protozoa such as the one that causes malaria, helminths (worms), arthropods (mites, fleas and ticks.
parasites
infections can be ___ and ___
local or systemic
process by which strains of microorganisms become resident flora.
colonization
is limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain.
local infection
if the microorganisms spread and damage different parts of the body, the infection is a..
systemic infection
when a culture of individuals blood reveals microorganisms the condition is called what?
bacteremia
when bacteremia results in systemic infection, it is referred to as…
septicemia
generally appear suddenly or last a short time.
acute infections
may occur slowly , over a very long period, and may last months or years.
chronic infections
are classified as infections that originate in the hospital.
nosocomial infections
nosocomial infections are subgroup of ___ that originate in any healthcare settings.
healthcare associated infections(HAIs)
the microorganisms that cause nosocomial infections can originate from the client themselves
endogenous source
these are the microorganisms coming from the hospital environment and hospital personnel
exogenous sources
these 3 are the common infecting microorganisms.
E.Coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and enteroccoci
a spore forming bacillus that infects the gastrointestinal tract following treatment of other infections with antibiotics
Clostridium difficile
are the direct results of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
iatrogenic infections
it is a common vehicle for the spread of microorganisms
hand
what are the six links that make up the chain of infection?
etiologic agent or microorganisms, reservoir, a portal of exit, mode of transmission, a portal of entry into a host, and the susceptibility of the host.
the extent to which microorganism is capable of producing an infectious process depends on the number of microorganisms present.
etiologic agent.
is a human or animal reservoir of a specific or infectious agent that usually does not manifest any clinical signs of disease.
carrier
antibodies are also called ___ are part of the body’s plasma proteins.
immunoglobulins
what are the two major types of immunity?
active and passive immunity
it is the type of immunity where the host produces antibodies in response to natural antigens or artificial antigens.
active immunity
this may produce an antibodies molecule of five classes of immunoglobulins designated by letters and usually written as Igm, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE
B cells
this is the type of immunity where the host receives natural or artificial antibodies produced by another source.
passive immunity
this immune response occurs through the T-cell system, when exposed to antigen the lymphoid tissue releases large numbers of activated T-cells into the lymph system.
cell mediated defenses or cellular immunity
it is recommended for older adults which are vaccinated last 5 years previously
pneumococcal vaccine
it is a major underlying disease predisposing clients to infection because compromised peripheral vascular status increased serum glucose levels susceptibility
diabetes mellitus
this mosquito reservoir carries the malaria parasite but is unaffected by it.
anopheles
spores that are transferred to clients via the hands of healthcare personnel who have touched a contaminated surface or item
C. difficile (Clostridium difficile)
