introduction!

Question 1

what are the six extinctions?

Answer 1

1. ordovician
2. devonian
3. permian
4. triassic
5. cretaceous
6. holocene

Question 2

what is an observation?

Answer 2

body of measured data

Question 3

what is a theory?

Answer 3

accepted explanation for an observation or set of data

Question 4

geology was, at first, what kind of science?

Answer 4

observational

Question 5

how does modern geology explain natural phenomena?

Answer 5

combines observation and laboratory activities (measurements and calculations

Question 6

geology has grown rapidly into what kind of science?

Answer 6

analytical
- must consider changes in temp, pressure, stress, chemicals and time

Question 7

how old is the earth?

Answer 7

4.5 billion earths

Question 8

was the solar system formed before or after the universe?

Answer 8

after

Question 9

what is the earth’s tilt from vertical?

Answer 9

23.5 degrees

Question 10

what planet is earth from the sun?

Answer 10

third

Question 11

what is the mean temperature of the earth?

Answer 11

15 degrees celsius

Question 12

how old is the universe?

Answer 12

14 billion years old

Question 13

what are the compositional zones?

Answer 13

central core: dense and hot
mantle: thick zone that surrounds core composed of mafic rocks and magma
crust: oceanic crust and crustal, water and atmospheric gases only interact

Question 14

what are igneous rocks?

Answer 14

solidification and crystallization of a cooling magma
magma rises to earth’s surface too quickly, partially or wholly molten, it is lava

Question 15

what is rock classification used for?

Answer 15

to predict their environmental impact or hazard

Question 16

what is a sedimentary rock?

Answer 16

compacted or cemented grains which have become lithified.
most of the rocks on the earth are igneous

Question 17

what are clastic sedimentary rocks?

Answer 17

formed from the product of mechanical weathering of pre-existing rocks

Question 18

what happens to rocks that travel longer?

Answer 18

smooth, round, small

Question 19

what is the process of diagenesis in sedimentary rocks?

Answer 19

deposition, physical and chemical changes in sediment

Question 20

what are metamorphic rocks?

Answer 20

re-crystallization of pre-existing igneous or sedimentary rocks

Question 21

what is the rock cycle?

Answer 21

1. formation of new rock material through magma crystallization. igneous rock exposed at surface
2. igneous exposed to cool, wet conditions of earth. slowly become weathered / eroded to form soluble components and suspended material in streams
3. sediments transport downstream, proportion reach ocean, deposit as sand, sily, clay, chemicals
4. sediments become buried and lithified, may end up on land, or buried and metamorphosized
5. some sediment subducted into crust, remelted to make magma

atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere all participate in rock cycle