Introduction

Question 1

What are the advantages (4) and one disadvantage of using medical robots?

Answer 1

Accurate + precise; untiring

smaller or larger than people

remotely operated (as needed)

connected to computers which gives them access to info

not always able to operate autonomously in highly complex, uncertain environments

Question 2

what are the potential impact of medical robotics in medicine?

Answer 2

more clinicians will be able to perform more difficult and new procedures.

more patients can be rehabilitated

Question 3

Explain the stages and involvement medical robots may have in the medical procedure.

Answer 3

Preoperative
planning using CAD and patient specific modelling

intraoperative
Model and plan are updated with real time computer assistance CAM

postoperative
Computer assisted assessment using databases TQM

Question 4

list the 5 different levels of human input in medical robots

Answer 4

Oral

Manual

Cooperative manipulation

teleoperation

autonomous

Question 5

Whats a teleoperated robot assisted minimally invasive surgery?

Answer 5

Surgeon operates from a master console like a joystick

on the patient end the robot carries out the procedure

Question 6

what are some advantages of using teleoperated robot assisted minimally invasive surgery?

Answer 6

enhances surgeons capabilities and improves surgery outcomes

Improved accuracy

Question 7

What is force feedback for manipulation?

Answer 7

involves providing haptic or tactile feedback for the surgeons during a procedure.

Question 8

What are some advantages of implementing graphical force feedback

Answer 8

graphical force feedback results in lower peak forces, lower variability of forces and fewer broken sutures for untrained robot-assisted surgeons

Question 9

Why is preoperative computer assisted planning important?

Answer 9

Help surgeon gain a better understanding of patients anatomy and plan their procedures accordingly.

can be used for training

Question 10

why is modeling important in medical robotics?

Answer 10

Improving training and planning (paving a way for autonomous robotic procedures)

Question 11

what is simulation?

Answer 11

from modeling to simulation

provides a safe environment for training and practice

Question 12

Give 3 examples of simulators for surgical training and a company associated with this industry

Answer 12

Laparoscopy

endovascular

endoscopy

immersion corp

Question 13

list the factors involved with modeling for medical robotics

Answer 13

Real tissue -> Data recording
V
Complex tool-tissue model -> simplifying algorithm
V
tool-tissue model -> rendering
V
Haptic/Visual display -> force/position
V
Human

Question 14

What properties do models take into account?

Answer 14

material properties

boundary constraints

geometry

takes these into account to produce realistic models

Question 15

describe how models are applied to enable needle steering

Answer 15

Uses tip asymmetry, pre-bent needle tips and other techniques to produce precise control and maneuverability during needle insertion.

Question 16

What is rehabilitation robotics?

Answer 16

Using medical robotics for Replacing, training, or assisting to improve quality of life
socially assistive devices can provide cost effective personalised medium for long term care improving health outcomes

Question 17

What are the growing health care challenges that can be addressed through medical robotics?

Answer 17

1 in 5 children are overweight
1M Parkinson’s patients
750,000 strokes per year in US
V
regaining function and retaining independence

millions suffering from isolation and depression
need for caregivers in home and institution
V
caretaking for stating at home/aging in place

6.6M special ed students
3.5M with ADHD
V
individual learning and training for special needs

Question 18

why are socially assistive robotics needed and give examples of what it can be used for

Answer 18

needed due to cost of healthcare and population size is large (growth trends)

personalized medium to long term care is required

human centered robotics that may improve health outcomes:
- monitoring
- coaching/training
- motivation
- companionship/socialization

robots can lessen the work load on caregivers lowering medical costs

Question 19

What kind of robotics can be used to help with movement therapy and assistance?

Answer 19

Exoskeletons to improve movement and muscle function

neurally controlled prostheses

can help with stroke patients and for people with functional physical limitations that affect living

Question 20

In movement therapy what is an important factor to consider?

Answer 20

Personalisation of the therapy to specific individuals

Question 21

In simple terms how does a neurally controlled prosthesis work?

Answer 21

the prosthetic has a motor that produces torque and needs a control signal. One way get this signal is neurally

Question 22

What factors are considered to make medical robotics safe for patients?

Answer 22

Low force and speed

Risk analysis (eliminate single points of failure)

fault tolerance (hardware and software)

Fail safe design(system fails to a safe state)

redundant sensing

Question 23

What are the ideal goals of medical robotics? (5)

Answer 23

Quantitative description of patient state

use of models to plan intervention

design of devices, systems and processes to connect information to action

Incorporating human input in a natural way

Goal : improve health and quality of life