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Biostatistics & Epidemiology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

study of factors that determine the occurrence and distribution of disease in a population

A

epidemiology

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2
Q

basic science of public health and the practice of clinical medicine

A

epidemiology

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3
Q

A person that deals with data from groups of patients or even population

A

epidemiologist

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4
Q

the science of collecting, analyzing, presenting and interpreting data

A

statistics

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5
Q

statistics in two ways

A

statistics as a method
statistics as a data

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6
Q

statistics type

it refers to the orderly processes of data collection, presentation and interpretation

A

statistics as a method

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7
Q

statistics type

concerned with:
•the determination of types of data to be collected
•how they are to be collected
•organization for collection
•tabulation of data
•computation of Rates/frequency, graphic presentation
•mathematical procedures for purpose of estimates and comparisons
•drawing of conclusion from the processed data

A

statistics as a method

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8
Q

statistics type

refers to quantitative data affected to a marked extent by a multiplicity of causes

data are collected in order to measure something

A

statistics as a data

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9
Q

statistics type

concerned with:
number of deaths
number of birth
number of death with specific disease

A

statistics as a data

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10
Q

2 branches of statistics

A

descriptive statistics
inferential statistics

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11
Q

branch of statistics

refers to the different methods in order to summarize and present data, those questions answerable by what, where, how many

A

descriptive statistics

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12
Q

branch of statistics

methods involved in order to make generalization and conclusion about a target population, based on results from sample
examples: estimation of parameters, hypothesis of the study

A

inferential statistics

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13
Q

uses of statistics

answering two categories of problem

A
  1. problem of estimates
  2. problems of comparison
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14
Q

use of statistics - category of problem

•recognition and quantification of health problems at present and in the future
•current and projected health manpower
•estimate of services needed to eliminate or reduced problem
•corresponding requirements of man, money and materials

A

problem of estimates

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15
Q

use of statistics - category of problem

•diagnosing the health situation
•in supervising the implementation of programs and in evaluation

A

problems of comparison

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16
Q

2 Classification of data

A

Counts/Enumeration data
Measurements

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17
Q

Classification of data

refers to the number of events or observation

A

Counts/Enumeration data

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18
Q

Classification of data

-there are no fractional value
-always expressed as whole numbers they vary by finite or specific amount
-they are regarded as discrete and referred as discontinues variates
-important to remember when one is determining the type of graphs use

A

Counts/Enumeration data

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19
Q

Classification of data

number of people in the community or country
number of birth, death, sick person

A

Counts/Enumeration data

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20
Q

4 Other statistical data

A

demographic
health status
health resources
health

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21
Q

Other statistical data

population, size, age, sex

A

demographic

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22
Q

Other statistical data

causes and distribution of mortality and morbidity

A

health status

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23
Q

Other statistical data

number and distribution of health facilities, health manpower

A

health resources

24
Q

Other statistical data

related socio environmental factors
examples: water supply, excrete disposal,
school environment

A

health

25
Q

things you measure, manipulate and control in statistics and research

A

variables

26
Q

2 types of
variables

A

qualitative variables
quantitative variables

27
Q

type of
variable

one whose categories are simply used as labels to distinguish one group to another
examples: sex, color of skin

A

qualitative variables

28
Q

type of
variable

measured and ordered according to quantity. Has 2 types

A

quantitative variables

29
Q

2 types
quantitative variable

A

discrete
continuous

30
Q

type of
quantitative variable

it can be assume only integral values or whole number

A

discrete

31
Q

type of
quantitative variable

it can attain any value including fraction or decimal

A

continuous

32
Q

5 classification of variables

A

nominal
dichotomous/binary variables
ordinal
continuous/dimensional
ratio

33
Q

classification of variable

label or categories not based on measurement
examples: blood groups, occupations, food group, blood type, skin color

A

nominal

34
Q

classification of variable

variables With only 2 levels
examples: male/Female, normal/abnormal value, well/sick, living/dead, present/absent

A

dichotomous/binary variables

35
Q

classification of variable

ranked or ordered
examples: mild, moderate, severe,
good, Fair, poor

A

ordinal

36
Q

classification of variable

show not only the position of the different observations relative to each other, but also the extent to which one observation is different from another
examples: blood pressure, patient’s height, weight, systolic and diastolic

A

continuous/dimensional

37
Q

classification of variable

zero point is fixed
examples: weight, height, Kelvin temperature scale

A

ratio

38
Q

agency charged with collection of health data:

civil registry,local office or local chief of police

A

local government

39
Q

3 agencies charged with collection of health data

A

:

local government
census/statistics office (PSA)
Health departments

40
Q

agency charged with collection of health data:

conduct periodic population census/survey

A

census/statistics office (PSA)

41
Q

agency charged with collection of health data:

collect statistics on birth, death, sickness, disability, health services, health facilities and health manpower for its use in planning, implemention and evaluation of health programs ad projects

A

Health departments

42
Q

collection of health data

each country has its own ____ governing the registration of vital events and collection of data

A

laws

43
Q

collection of health data

most health data are collected at ___________ level by health workers and are transformed to _______ levels of administration until they reach the __________________ level

A

grass roots
higher
central/national

44
Q

2 types of data to be collected

A

for health policy formulation
for hospital management

45
Q

type of data to be collected

collect data for the assessment of health status, the size, structure, growth and distribution of the population, the organization, responsibilities and performance of the health sector and the activities and plans of sectors relevant to health service delivery and the state of health

A

for health policy formulation

46
Q

type of data to be collected

details of hospitals resource utilization, how much is the cost of a particular service and how much is the charge, income, expenditure

A

for hospital management

47
Q

Problem of comparison

phenomenon whose value remains the same from person to person, from time to time or from place to place.
Ex: number of minutes in an hour

A

CONSTANT (fixed)

48
Q
  • phenomenon whose values or categories cannot be predicted with certainty.
    Ex: age of gestation, weight.
A

VARIATION (varied)

49
Q

4 SCALE OF MEASUREMENTS

A

NOMINAL
ORDINAL
INTERVAL
RATIO

50
Q

SCALE OF MEASUREMENT

  • label or categories ex: gender
A

NOMINAL

51
Q

SCALE OF MEASUREMENTS

– ranked or ordered ex: mild, moderate, severe

A

ORDINAL

52
Q

SCALE OF MEASUREMENTS

  • exact distance between two categories can be determined but the zero point is arbitrary ex: temperature
A

INTERVAL

53
Q

SCALE OF MEASUREMENTS

  • zero point is fixed ex: weight, height
A

RATIO

54
Q

2 TYPE OF DATA TO BE COLLECTED

A

PRIMARY DATA
SECONDARY DATA

55
Q

TYPE OF DATA TO BE COLLECTED

  • personally collected data
A

PRIMARY DATA

56
Q

TYPE OF DATA TO BE COLLECTED

  • borrowed data
A

SECONDARY DATA

Biostatistics & Epidemiology (2 decks)

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