Introduction Flashcards
study of factors that determine the occurrence and distribution of disease in a population
epidemiology
basic science of public health and the practice of clinical medicine
epidemiology
A person that deals with data from groups of patients or even population
epidemiologist
the science of collecting, analyzing, presenting and interpreting data
statistics
statistics in two ways
statistics as a method
statistics as a data
statistics type
it refers to the orderly processes of data collection, presentation and interpretation
statistics as a method
statistics type
concerned with:
•the determination of types of data to be collected
•how they are to be collected
•organization for collection
•tabulation of data
•computation of Rates/frequency, graphic presentation
•mathematical procedures for purpose of estimates and comparisons
•drawing of conclusion from the processed data
statistics as a method
statistics type
refers to quantitative data affected to a marked extent by a multiplicity of causes
data are collected in order to measure something
statistics as a data
statistics type
concerned with:
number of deaths
number of birth
number of death with specific disease
statistics as a data
2 branches of statistics
descriptive statistics
inferential statistics
branch of statistics
refers to the different methods in order to summarize and present data, those questions answerable by what, where, how many
descriptive statistics
branch of statistics
methods involved in order to make generalization and conclusion about a target population, based on results from sample
examples: estimation of parameters, hypothesis of the study
inferential statistics
uses of statistics
answering two categories of problem
- problem of estimates
- problems of comparison
use of statistics - category of problem
•recognition and quantification of health problems at present and in the future
•current and projected health manpower
•estimate of services needed to eliminate or reduced problem
•corresponding requirements of man, money and materials
problem of estimates
use of statistics - category of problem
•diagnosing the health situation
•in supervising the implementation of programs and in evaluation
problems of comparison
2 Classification of data
Counts/Enumeration data
Measurements
Classification of data
refers to the number of events or observation
Counts/Enumeration data
Classification of data
-there are no fractional value
-always expressed as whole numbers they vary by finite or specific amount
-they are regarded as discrete and referred as discontinues variates
-important to remember when one is determining the type of graphs use
Counts/Enumeration data
Classification of data
number of people in the community or country
number of birth, death, sick person
Counts/Enumeration data
4 Other statistical data
demographic
health status
health resources
health
Other statistical data
population, size, age, sex
demographic
Other statistical data
causes and distribution of mortality and morbidity
health status
Other statistical data
number and distribution of health facilities, health manpower
health resources
Other statistical data
related socio environmental factors
examples: water supply, excrete disposal,
school environment
health
things you measure, manipulate and control in statistics and research
variables
2 types of
variables
qualitative variables
quantitative variables
type of
variable
one whose categories are simply used as labels to distinguish one group to another
examples: sex, color of skin
qualitative variables
type of
variable
measured and ordered according to quantity. Has 2 types
quantitative variables
2 types
quantitative variable
discrete
continuous
type of
quantitative variable
it can be assume only integral values or whole number
discrete
type of
quantitative variable
it can attain any value including fraction or decimal
continuous
5 classification of variables
nominal
dichotomous/binary variables
ordinal
continuous/dimensional
ratio
classification of variable
label or categories not based on measurement
examples: blood groups, occupations, food group, blood type, skin color
nominal
classification of variable
variables With only 2 levels
examples: male/Female, normal/abnormal value, well/sick, living/dead, present/absent
dichotomous/binary variables
classification of variable
ranked or ordered
examples: mild, moderate, severe,
good, Fair, poor
ordinal
classification of variable
show not only the position of the different observations relative to each other, but also the extent to which one observation is different from another
examples: blood pressure, patient’s height, weight, systolic and diastolic
continuous/dimensional
classification of variable
zero point is fixed
examples: weight, height, Kelvin temperature scale
ratio
agency charged with collection of health data:
civil registry,local office or local chief of police
local government
3 agencies charged with collection of health data
:
local government
census/statistics office (PSA)
Health departments
agency charged with collection of health data:
conduct periodic population census/survey
census/statistics office (PSA)
agency charged with collection of health data:
collect statistics on birth, death, sickness, disability, health services, health facilities and health manpower for its use in planning, implemention and evaluation of health programs ad projects
Health departments
collection of health data
each country has its own ____ governing the registration of vital events and collection of data
laws
collection of health data
most health data are collected at ___________ level by health workers and are transformed to _______ levels of administration until they reach the __________________ level
grass roots
higher
central/national
2 types of data to be collected
for health policy formulation
for hospital management
type of data to be collected
collect data for the assessment of health status, the size, structure, growth and distribution of the population, the organization, responsibilities and performance of the health sector and the activities and plans of sectors relevant to health service delivery and the state of health
for health policy formulation
type of data to be collected
details of hospitals resource utilization, how much is the cost of a particular service and how much is the charge, income, expenditure
for hospital management
Problem of comparison
phenomenon whose value remains the same from person to person, from time to time or from place to place.
Ex: number of minutes in an hour
CONSTANT (fixed)
- phenomenon whose values or categories cannot be predicted with certainty.
Ex: age of gestation, weight.
VARIATION (varied)
4 SCALE OF MEASUREMENTS
NOMINAL
ORDINAL
INTERVAL
RATIO
SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
- label or categories ex: gender
NOMINAL
SCALE OF MEASUREMENTS
– ranked or ordered ex: mild, moderate, severe
ORDINAL
SCALE OF MEASUREMENTS
- exact distance between two categories can be determined but the zero point is arbitrary ex: temperature
INTERVAL
SCALE OF MEASUREMENTS
- zero point is fixed ex: weight, height
RATIO
2 TYPE OF DATA TO BE COLLECTED
PRIMARY DATA
SECONDARY DATA
TYPE OF DATA TO BE COLLECTED
- personally collected data
PRIMARY DATA
TYPE OF DATA TO BE COLLECTED
- borrowed data
SECONDARY DATA
