Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
How does heart failure develop?
what does it lead to?
A
- When the heart is unable to maintain a normal cardiac output at normal filling pressures
- This leads to underfilling of the arterial circulation
2
Q
perfusion:
A
the flow of blood per unit of volume to tissues
3
Q
what provides the energy?
A
pressure
4
Q
4 factors that regulate cardiac output?
A
- heart rate
- myocardial contractility
- preload
- afterload
5
Q
cardiac output = ___ x ____
A
heart rate x stroke rate
6
Q
systole / systolic:
A
chambers emptying, contarcting
7
Q
diastole /diastolic:
A
chambers filling, relaxing
8
Q
heart sounds =
A
effect of valves closing
9
Q
S1 and s2 heart sounds are heard as ?
A
“lub dub”
10
Q
S1:
A
closure of AV valves (systole) - input
11
Q
S2:
A
closure of semilunar valves (diastole) - output
12
Q
Why are S3 and S4 only sometimes heard?
A
- species/ age variation
- horses have all S1-S4
- Dog and cats: S1 and S2
13
Q
Murmurs:
A
abnormal sounds; defecive valves?
14
Q
Which 3 factors influence, stroke, volume (volume of blood)
A
1.preload
2.contractability
3. Afterload
