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Cardiovascular & respiratory > 1.1 Cardiovascular System General Principles > Flashcards

1.1 Cardiovascular System General Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • transport O2 and substrates TO cells
  • transport CO2 and metabolites FROM cells
  • distribute​ hormones
  • defense
  • hemostasis
  • thermoregulation
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2
Q

Heart:

A

The pump: (driving force)
- hollow muscles beats avg 70x per min
- 2 primer pumps (atria)
- 2 power pumps (ventricles)

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3
Q

where do arteries carry blood?

A

away from the heart

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4
Q

where do arteries terminate?

A

in capillary beds

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5
Q

microcirculation:

A

Where exchange with tissues occurs aka capillaries

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6
Q

Capilaries​

A

very thin walls (endothelial cells only); site of exchange of gases and nutrients

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7
Q

veins carry blood where?

A

back to the heart

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8
Q

veins:

A

less muscular than arteries but very elastic wall, blood reservoirs

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9
Q

How does the atria receive blood?

A

It gets it from the veins

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10
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

to (artery) and from (veins) the lungs

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11
Q

systemic circulation

A

to and from the body

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12
Q

receives the blood from veins?

A

atria

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13
Q

Pressure: Left side of heart pumps

A

oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation at HIGH pressure

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14
Q

Pressure: Right side of heart pumps

A

deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary circulation​ (a short distance, lower pressure

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15
Q
A
  1. MITRIAL
  2. TRICUSPID
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16
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

separate atria from ventricles and are therefore inlet valves to the ventricles (inlet valves)

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17
Q

When the ventricles contract evasion of the cusps is prevented by the action of

A

The papillary muscles through the chondrae tendinae

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18
Q

semilumnar valves:

A

These two valves are the outlet valves of the ventricles.
- designed of blood doesn’t go back into ventricles

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19
Q

Location of the valves ~ lateral view of thoraciac wall

A

Pulmonary valve sounds = 3&4
Aortic valve sounds = 4&5
Mitral valve sounds = 5&6

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20
Q

Function of the cardiac skeleton?

A
  • provide structural integrity​ to the heart (fibrous tissue)
  • allows atria to contract before ventricles, so all four aren’t contracting at the same time
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21
Q

Coronary artery supply?

A

The heart muscle itself with blood (myocardium)

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22
Q

Vessels with the most elastic?

A

large arteries
- specialized to deal with force of left ventricle with heart contracts

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23
Q

large arteries:

A
  • Accommodate stroke volume (high elastance)
  • Convert intermittent ejection (stop-go flow) into continuous flow
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24
Q

are classified as conduit and feed vessels?

A

medium to small arteries
- feed blood to
- less elastic due to less force being required

25
Are classified as resistance vessels?
arterioles, terminal arteries - control​ arterial blood pressure - control local blood flow
26
are considered exchange vessels?
capillaries - deliver nutrients - lymph formation - removal of metabolic waste
27
are considered capacitance vessels?
venules, veins - control cardiac filling pressure - reservoir​ for blood - stretchy Walls equal high blood volume
28
delta P:
hydrostatic pressure gradient
29
F =
blood flow
30
If delta P increase than F
speeds up
31
R =
resistance - important in local blood flow - easily changed by vessel diameter
32
If R increases F
decreases
33
Vasoconstriction leads to
increased resistance and decreased flow through the vessel
34
vasodilation leads to
decreased resistance and increased flow through the vessel
35
Two opposing forces act to move fluid across the capillary wall:
Oncotic pressure = pressure exerted by the proteins Hydrostatic pressure = pressure exerted by the blood
36
Movement of fluid depends on four variables known as the
starling forces
37
If blood enters through the vena cava, then where does it exit?
Vena cava —> right atrium —> right ventricle —> And exits via the pulmonary artery to the lungs
38
If blood begins in the left atrium via the pulmonary veins, where does it exit?
Left atrium —> left ventricle —> an out via the aorta to the body
39
Why is the pressure so much higher on the left side of the heart?
There is a massive pressure increase in left ventricle, because it is bigger than the right ventricle. It has a longer distance to travel.
40
Contractions of the heart =
Increase in pressure
41
Where does oxygenated blood enter?
The pulmonary ventricle
42
Where does de oxygenated blood enter?
The vena cava
43
Myocardium:
Cardiac muscle cells - Thicker on left side of heart to generate blood to aorta —-> to rest of the body
44
Endocardium
Inner lining of the heart and the flaps that formed the valves of the heart - Squamous epithelium
45
Pericardial sac:
Fluid, helps heart move smoothly. - Sits between parietal pericardium (just inside sac) and epicardium (visceral)
46
Pericardial disease:
When pericardial sac becomes full of blood and forms infection
47
When AV valves are open, the heart is ____
Relaxed
48
When AV valves are closed, the heart is _____
Contracting
49
What is the valve between the left ventricle and blood vessels leaving left ventricle?
Aortic semi lunar valve
50
Why does the heart have a dense capillary supply?
Because it needs to use oxygen all the time to generate energy to provide contraction all the time
51
What are the three layers present all blood vessels except capillaries?
- intima: endothelial cells sitting on basement membrane, that lines blood vessels - media: smooth muscle cells - adventitia: connective tissue
52
What does the muscle layer look like in veins?
Thinner - makes it more stretchy
53
What is happening in this diagram?
54
Capillary hydrostatic pressure does what?
Pushes substance out of the capillaries
55
Interestrial fluid hydrostatic pressure does what?
Pushes substance into the capillaries
56
Osmotic forced you to plasma protein concentration does what?
Attracts water into the capillaries
57
Osmotic force due to interstial protein concentration does what?
Attracts substance out of the capillaries
58
More protein=
Les water -Water moving from high concentration to low concentration
59
Fluid goes out arterial and not much and venous end. Where is the rest of the fluid going then?
Lymph - prevent swelling

Cardiovascular & respiratory (3 decks)

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