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Bino Vision > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Bin

A

Two

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2
Q

Oculus

A

Eye

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3
Q

Coordinate use of BOTH eyes to produce single mental image

A

Binocular vision

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4
Q

blending of sight to form single percept

A

Fusion

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5
Q

ESSENTIALS FOR BV

A

Healthy functioning maculas
Efficiently working muscular mechanism
Efficiently working neural mechanism

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6
Q

Proper coordination of eyes and brain

A

Neuroplasticity

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7
Q

PREREQUISITES FOR BV

A

Frontally placed eyes, overlapping retinal fields.
Partial decussation of the optic nerve fibers.
Foveal region stimulate.
Corresponding or identical points.
Size of retinal images.
Efficient function of extra ocular muscles and nerves

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8
Q

Advantages of BV

A

Single vision.
Optical defects in one eye are made less obvious by the normal image of the other eye.
Enlarged field of vision.
Power to discriminate details and contours of an object is better with two eyes than with one eye alone.
Loss of one eye will not seriously handicap the individual.
Stereopsis or depth perception
Compensation of blindspot and other differences

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9
Q

At birth

A

Eyes are not associated with each other; act as two different organs

VA: not greater than 5/200; normally hyperopic

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10
Q

First sign of the development of fixation appears when the eyes follow light

A

Newborn

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11
Q

Eyes follow large objects

A

2 months

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12
Q

At 3 months:

A

Foveas are fully formed
They hold objects

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13
Q

Eyes are expected to be straight

A

3-4 months

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14
Q

6 months

A

Fixates at an object for 1-2 minutes

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15
Q

VA: 20/70

A

1 year old

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16
Q

Fusional mechanism becomes fully developed

A

1- 1 ½ year old:

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17
Q

VA: 20/20
Accommodation develops with sharpening of visual acuity

A

3 years old

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18
Q

ADDUCTION

A

movement of one eye inwards

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19
Q

movement of one eye outwards

A

ABDUCTION

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20
Q

movement of one eye upwards

A

SUPRADUCTION

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21
Q

INFRADUCTION

A

movement of one eye downwards

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22
Q

movement of one eye only

A

DUCTION

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23
Q

movement of the vertical corneal meridian of one eye outward

A

EXCYCLODUCTION

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24
Q

movement of the vertical corneal meridian of one eye inward

A

INCYCLODUCTION

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25
Q

synchronous and symmetric movement of both eyes in the same direction

A

Version

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26
Q

both eyes to the right

A

Dextroversion

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27
Q

LEVOVERSION

A

both eyes to the left

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28
Q

both eyes looking upward

A

SUPRAVERSION/ANAVERSION/SURSUMVERSION

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29
Q

both eyes looking downward

A

INFRAVERSION/CATAVERSION/DEORSUMVERSION

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30
Q

both eyes to the right & up

A

DEXTROSUPRAVERSION

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31
Q

DEXTROINFRAVERSION

A

both eyes to the right & down

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32
Q

both eyes to the left & up

A

LEVOSUPRAVERSION

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33
Q

synchronous and symmetric movement of both eyes in the opposite direction

A

Vergence

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34
Q

movement of both eyes inward

A

CONVERGENCE

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35
Q

DIVERGENCE

A

movement of both eyes outward

36
Q

POSITIVE VERTICAL DIVERGENCE

A

right eye turns up and left eye turns down

37
Q

right eye turns down and left eye turns up

A

NEGATIVE VERTICAL DIVERGENCE

38
Q

vertical meridians of both eyes rotate inward

A

INCYCLOVERGENCE/CONCLINATION

39
Q

EXCYCLOVERGENCE/DECLINATION

A

vertical meridians of both eyes rotate outward

40
Q

Position which the eyes assume when with the head erect, point straight ahead on the horizon is fixed upon.

A

Primary Position

41
Q

Position in which the eyes assume when the lateral or vertical movements are involved.

A

Secondary Position

42
Q

Position in which the eyes assume when it moves in a direction which is a combination of both lateral and vertical movements

A

Tertiary Position

43
Q

primary muscle” or “main muscle”

44
Q

“opposing muscle”
Muscle that opposes the action of the agonist

A

Antagonist

45
Q

“helping muscle”

Muscle that acts in concert with the agonist to produce a given movement

46
Q

points of connections of all recti muscles

A

Spiral of Tillaux

47
Q

States that when a nervous impulse is sent to a muscle causing it to contract, an equal impulse goes to the contralateral synergist (yoke muscle) in order to maintain parallelism of the visual axes

A

HERING’S LAW OF EQUAL INNERVATION

48
Q

States that when a muscle contracts, its direct antagonist relaxes to an equal extent, allowing movement to take place.

A

SHERRINGTON’S LAW OF RECIPROCAL INNERVATION

49
Q

Binocular Vision Tests:

A

Pressing the eyeball
Hole in the hand
Prism Test
Bar Reading Test
Maddox Rod Phoria Test

50
Q

End goal of pressing the eyeball:

A

Doubling of vision (binocular vision is present)

51
Q

End goal of Prism Test

A

Diplopia (doubling of vision)

52
Q

Make a table of the primary, secondary, and tertiary position of EOMS

53
Q

Visual angle fields

A

Superior – 60 degrees
Inferior – 70-75 degrees
Nasal – 60 degrees
Temporal – 100-110 degrees

54
Q

Holds that if the two images of an object fall upon identical points in the retinas, the object is seen as one, but if the two images fall upon unidentical or disparate points, the object is seen as two

A

Doctrine of Corresponding Points

55
Q

Normal Retinal Correspondence

A

Corresponding retinal points / homonymous points / identical points

56
Q

A condition in which the two different visual direction.

A

Abnormal Retinal Correspondence

57
Q

A reading matter is positioned at _____ in front of the patient’s eye, a pen is positioned _____ over the printed page, so that some of the letters are hidden from the left and other from the right eye.

A

40 cm/16 inches, 2-3 inches

58
Q

Sufficient amount of prism _____ is placed before one eye to induce doubling.

A

6 Prism BU or BD

59
Q

___ passing through a prism is bent towards the ____

A

Light, Base

60
Q

___ looking through a prism is displaced on the ___

61
Q

___ viewed through a prism is displaced towards the ____

A

Object, Apex

62
Q

Two fields that mutually complement each other are presented

A

Stereoscopic Test

63
Q

Divides the eyeball

A

Planes of the Eye

64
Q

Imaginary line where movements of the eye takes place

A

Axes of the eye

65
Q

24 mm
Horizontal line from vertex of the cornea to posterior pole of the eye
Torsional movement

A

Optic axis/Y axis/antero-postero/sagittal

66
Q

22 mm
Line passing through the center of rotation of the eyeball and at right angle to optic axis Vertical movement

A

Transverse axis/X-axis/naso-temporal

67
Q

22mm
Superior-inferior line passing through center of rotation
Horizontal movement

A

Vertical axis/ z-axis/supero-infero axis

68
Q

Lie the optic axis and transverse axis
Divides eyeball to upper and lower portion

A

Horizontal Plane

69
Q

Lie the optic axis and vertical axis
Divides eyeball to right and left hemispheres

A

Median Plane/Sagittal

70
Q

Lie the transverse axis and vertical axis
Divides eyeball to anterior and posterior halves

A

Equatorial Plane/frontal

71
Q

It is the act, condition or process of
directing the eye towards the object of
regard causing in a normal eye, the image of an object to be centered on the fovea

72
Q

Image of the real pupil found at the cornea

A

entrance pupil

73
Q

Point towards which the observer directs his gaze.

A

object of regard

74
Q

Point located 13.5 mm behind the cornea. All oblique axes pass and it is where the movement of eyes
take place.

A

center of rotation

75
Q

Line drawn from the object of regard to the center of rotation

A

line of sight

76
Q

Line drawn from the object of regard to the fovea passing through the nodal point

A

Visual Axis

77
Q

Line from the center of entrance pupil and passes through
the center of curvature of the cornea.
Line perpendicular to the cornea and passing through the
center of the entrance pupil of the eye

A

pupillary axis

78
Q

An imaginary straight line passing through the midpoint of the
cornea (anterior pole) and the midpoint of the retina (posterior pole)

A

optic axis

79
Q

Angle formed by the intersection pupillary axis and the visual
axis

A

angle kappa

80
Q

Angle formed by the intersection of the pupillary axis and the
line of sight.

A

angle lambda

81
Q

Angle formed by the visual and optic axes at the nodal point.

A

angle alpha

82
Q

Angle formed by the intersection of the optic axis and the line of sight at the center of rotation (formed behind)

A

angle gamma

83
Q

Line connecting the centers of rotation of both eyes

84
Q

Plane which includes both the object of regard and baseline.

A

plane of regard

85
Q

Line in the primary position of the plane of regard which bisects the baseline

A

primary sagittal line

86
Q

Plane tangent to the chin and the two super-ciliary ridges.

A

face plane

Bino Vision (3 decks)

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