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DevPsych > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span. Most development involves growth, although it also includes decline brought on by aging and dying.

A

Development

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2
Q

The perspective that development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual; involves growth, maintenance, and regulation; and is constructed through biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together.

A

Life-span perspective

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3
Q

Influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group

A

Normative age-graded influences

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4
Q

Influences that are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances

A

Normative history-graded influences

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5
Q

Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual’s life

A

Nonnormative life events

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6
Q

The behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation

A

Culture

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7
Q

Comparison of one culture with one or more other cultures. These provide information about the degree tow which development is similar, or universal, across cultures, and the degree to which it is culture specific

A

Cross-cultural studies

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8
Q

A characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language

A

Ethnicity

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9
Q

Refers to the grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economical characteristcis

A

Socioeconomic status

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10
Q

The characteristics of people as male or females

A

Gender

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11
Q

A national government’s course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

A

Social policy

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12
Q

Changes in an individual’s physical nature

A

Biological processes

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13
Q

Changes in an individual’s thought, intelligence, and language

A

Cognitive processes

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14
Q

Changes in an individual’s interpersonal relationships, emotions, and personality

A

Socioemotional processes

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15
Q

Period of development: Prenatal

A

Conception to birth

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16
Q

Period of development: Infancy

A

Birth to 2 years

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17
Q

Period of development: Early childhood

A

3 to 5 years

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18
Q

Period of development: Middle and late childhood

A

6 to 11 years

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19
Q

Period of development: Adolescence

A

10 to 21 years

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20
Q

Period of development: Early adulthood

A

20s and 30s

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21
Q

Period of development: Middle adulthood

A

40s and 50s

22
Q

Period of development: Late adulthood

A

60s to death

23
Q

Development of an organism due to biological inheritance

A

Nature

24
Q

Development of an organism due to its environmental experiences

A

Nurture

25
Q

Debate about whether we become older renditions of our early experience or whether we develop into someone different from who we were at an earlier point in development

A

Stability-change issue

26
Q

Debate about the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages

A

Continuity-discontinuity issue

27
Q

Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy

A

Hypotheses

28
Q

Theories that describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Behavior is merely a surface characteristic, and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior. Early experiences with parents are emphasized.

A

Psychoanalytic theories

29
Q

Freud’s theory: First stage

A

Oral stage; infant’s pleasure centers on the mouth; from birth to 1 1/2 years

30
Q

Freud’s theory: Second stage

A

Anal stage; child’s pleasure focuses on the anus; from 1 1/2 to 3 years

31
Q

Freud’s theory: Third stage

A

Phallic stage; child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals; from 3 to 6 years

32
Q

Freud’s theory: Fourth stage

A

Latency stage; child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills; from 6 years to puberty

33
Q

Freud’s theory: Fifth stage

A

Genital stage; a time of sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family; puberty onward

34
Q

Theory of eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.

A

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial theory

35
Q

Erikson’s theory: Infancy stage

A

Trust vs. mistrust; first year;
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt; 1 to 3 years

36
Q

Erikson’s theory: Early childhood

A

Initiative vs. guilt; preschool years, 3 to 5 years

37
Q

Erikson’s theory: Middle and late childhood

A

Industry vs. inferiority, elementary school years, 6 years to puberty

38
Q

Erikson’s theory: Adolescence

A

Identity vs. identity confusion; 10 to 20 years

39
Q

Erikson’s theory: Early adulthood

A

Intimacy vs. isolation; 20s, 30s

40
Q

Erikson’s theory: Middle adulthood

A

Generativity vs. stagnation; 40s, 50s

41
Q

Erikson’s theory: Late adulthood

A

Integrity vs. despair; 60s onwards

42
Q

Theory stating that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development.

A

Piaget’s Cognitive Theory of Development

43
Q

Piaget’s theory: First stage

A

Sensorimotor stage; from birth to 2 years

44
Q

Piaget’s theory: Second stage

A

Preoperational stage; from 2 to 7 years

45
Q

Piaget’s theory: Third stage

A

Concrete operational stage; from 7 to 11 years

46
Q

Piaget’s theory: Fourth stage

A

Formal operational stage; from 11 to 15 years

47
Q

A theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development

A

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory

48
Q

Theory that emphasizes that individual manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this theory are the processes of memory and thinking.

A

Information-processing theory

49
Q

Theory that a behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus is more likely to recur, whereas a behavior followed by a punishing stimulus is less likely to recur.

A

B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

50
Q

The view of psychologists who emphasize behavior, environment, and cognitions as key factors in development

A

Bandura’s Social Cognitive theory

51
Q

Study that stresses behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

A

Ethology

52
Q

Theory that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem

A

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory

DevPsych (12 decks)

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