Introduction

Question 1

Phineas Gage

Answer 1

1823-1860; Field: neurobiology; Contributions: 1st person to have a frontal lobotomy (by accident), his accident gave information on the brain and which parts are involved with emotional reasoning

Question 2

Henry Molaison (H.M.)

Answer 2

famous patient who suffered anterograde amnesia (cannot form new memories) after having surgery – but remembered implicit memories (getting shocked with hand)

Question 3

HM after surgery

Answer 3

was cured: no more seizures: normal intelligence, cooperative and motivated, normal perceptual and reasoning skills

BUT - unable to form new long-term memories

Question 4

anti localization

Answer 4

brain working together as a whole

Question 5

localization

Answer 5

brain working in separate parts

Question 6

in vivo

Answer 6

in a life or within their biological system

Question 7

“seat of mind”

Answer 7

refers to the mind

Question 8

dualism theory

Answer 8

the mind and brain are two different substances

Question 9

dual-aspect theory

Answer 9

states that the mind and bran are the same thing

Question 10

mass action (jean flourens)

Answer 10

made small lesions in birds and decided that the entire brain is one single function

Question 11

Broca’s

Answer 11

Tan –> language

Question 12

Gall & Spurzheim

Answer 12

• First to hypothesize localization of function
• The more you use some function → the more neural resources you have dedicated to that function

Question 13

Carl Wernicke

Answer 13

• Patients have no issues with producing language, but never make sense when speaking
  (also can’t read and have no comprehension)
• Shows that one part of the brain is responsible for saying language, and the other
  for stringing it together

Question 14

Golgi

Answer 14

• Invents a silver nitrate staining method using syncytium (a common cytoplasm)
• Uses his stain to label the composition of the brain and sees one whole part of the brain

Question 15

Cajal

Answer 15

• Discovers brain is made up of individual units; uses Golgi’s stain to do the same thing but
  sees little gaps in between individual cells (so not a single net)
• Discovers neurons are discrete cells that signal transmission

Question 16

Penfield and Rasmussen

Answer 16

• Make a map of different parts of the brain being responsible for different movements of the body