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Mycology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is mycology

A

The study of fungi and diseases they cause

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2
Q

Difference btw bacteria and fungi

A

1 their cell wall contain chitin which is not sensitive to antibiotics
2 the fungal cell membrane contain ergosterol on which anti fungal drugs act
3 they have true nucleus

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3
Q

Benefits of fungi

A

Production of antibiotics
Fermentation of carbohydrate
Decomposition of dead animals
Uses as food in some society

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4
Q

Harmful effects of fungi

A

Spoils food
Mycotoxins infection
Produce toxin and cause disease(mycotoxicosis)

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5
Q

Fungi maybe what and what

A

Saprophyte in dead animals
Parasite cause disease in animals and human

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6
Q

Anatomy of fungi

A

Hyphae: elongated unit and multicellular which either be separate or non septate
Mycelium- group of hyphae
Divided into 2 parts
Aerial for reproduction and growth
Vegetative- for absorption of nutrition

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7
Q

What are the medically important cell structures of fungi

A

Cell wall composed of chitin instead of bacterial peptidoglycan
Cell membrane contains ergosterol instead of cholesterol(a human cell membrane thing)

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8
Q

Explain chitin

A

Is a polysaccharide,B-glucagon is one of the medical importance as the site of action at caspofungin(antifungal drug)

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9
Q

Selective action of amphotericin b and azole drugs

A

The selective action of amphotericin b and azole drugs such as fluconazole and ketoconazole on fungi is based on the differences in membrane sterols

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10
Q

types of fungi

A

Yeast
Molds
Medically important fungi are thermally dimorphic ( forms different structure at different temperature)

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11
Q

Yeast fungi

A

Grows as single cell(unicellular fungus)that reproduce be asexual budding

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12
Q

Molds

A

Relatively simple multicellular fungi they grow as long filaments(hyphae) and form a mat (mycelium), forming either ;
Septate with transverse walls

Non septate are mulnucleated(coenocytic) without transverse wall

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13
Q

Medically important fungi

A

They exist as molds in environment at ambient temp and yeast in human tissues at body temp

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14
Q

Temperature of fungi

A

It grows btw 0-70C
But pathogenic fungi from 20-40(mesophlic) some superficial grow on the surface of body at 25 other grow systematically inside the body at 37
Above 50 thermophilic

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15
Q

Oxygen requirement of fungi

A

Most are obligate aerobes
Some are facultative anaerobes
No fungi are obligate anaerobes

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16
Q

Nutrition of fungi

A

All fungi require a preformed organic source of carbon(associated with decaying matter)

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17
Q

Natural habitat of fungi

A

therefore the natural of most fungi is environment except candida albicans which is part of human normal flora

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18
Q

Reproduction of fungi

A

Sexually
Asexually

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19
Q

Sexual reproduction of fungi

A

By mating and forming sexual spores as follows
-zygospores
-ascospores
-basidiospores

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20
Q

Zygospores

A

Are single spores with thick walls(phycomycete non separated hyphae- they can reproduce asexually by spotangiospores)

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21
Q

Ascospores

A

Are formed in a sac called as us forming from 4 to 8 ascus(ascomycete septated hyphae- they reproduce asexually forming conidia)

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22
Q

Basidiospores

A

Are formed externally on the tip of a pedestal called a basidium no asexual reproduction and non pathogenic

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23
Q

Asexually explanation

A

Most of medical interest propagate asexually and they form conidia by the sides or ends of specialized structures

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24
Q

According to their shape color and arrangement conidia is identified into

A

Arthrospores
Chlamydospores
Blastospores
Sporangiospores

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25
Q

Arthrospores

A

arise by fragmentation of the ends of hyphae and are mode of transmission of coccidioides immitis

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26
Q

Chlamydospheres

A

Rounded thick walled and quite resistant( the terminal chlamydospores of candida Albicans aid in its identification)

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27
Q

Sporangiospores

A

Are formed within a sac (sporangium) on a stalk by molds such as rhizopus amd mucor

28
Q

The response of the immune sysatem to fungal infection lead to formation of what
And what are the major systemic fungal diseases it produces

A

Formation of Granulomas
Coccidioidomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Blastomycosis

29
Q

Cell mediated immune response is invoked in

A

Granuloma formation

30
Q

Activation of cell mediated immune response results in what

A

Delayed hypersensitivity skin test response to certain fungal antigens injected intradermally

31
Q

Acute suppuration characterized by presence of neutrophils in the exudate also occurs in certain fungal disease such as

A

Aspergillosis and sporotrichosis

32
Q

A positive skin test indicates what

A

Exposure to fungal antigen but it doesn’t imply current infection because the exposure may have occurred in the oasty

33
Q

A negative skin test means

A

Unlikely diagnosis unless the patient is immunocompromised

34
Q

Skin test for candida is used to determine

A

If cell mediated immunity is normal or not because most people carry candida as normal flora

35
Q

Candida and deematophyte née what to establish

A

Damage skin so Intact skin is host defense against them

36
Q

What inhibits dermatophytes growth

A

Fatty acids in skin

37
Q

Hormone associated skin changes at puberty limit what

A

Ringworm of the scalp

38
Q

Ring worm of the scalp is caused by

A

Trichophyton

39
Q

Can normal flora of the skin and mucous membranes suppress fungi

A

Yes

40
Q

Inhibition of normal flora eg by antibiotics lead to what

A

Overgrowth of fungi such as c albicans

41
Q

Fungal

A
42
Q

Fungal

A
43
Q

Fungal

A
44
Q

Fungal

A
45
Q

Fungal

A
46
Q

Fungal

A
47
Q

Fungal

A
47
Q

Fungal

A
47
Q

Fungal

A
48
Q

Fungal disease are

A

Mycotoxicoses
Mycotic infection
Allergies to fungal spores

49
Q

Mycotoxicoses Caused by ingesting which toxins

A

a amanitin and phalloidin by amanita mushrooms,most potent hepatotoxins
b ergotism by mold claviceps purpurea cause pronounced vascular and neurological effects
C aflatoxins by aspergillus flavus, causing hepatic carcinoma

50
Q

Allergies to fungal spores lead to

A

So especially aspergillus they lead to immediate hypersensitivity response

51
Q

Allergies to fungal spores cause which clinical manifestation

A

A asthmatic reaction
B eosinophilia
Cc skin test reaction( wheel and fire)

52
Q

4 approaches to
The lab diagnosis of fungal disease

A

Direct microscopic examination of clinical specimens
2 culture of organism on sabourauds agar
3 DNA probe test
4 serologic test

53
Q

Direct microscopic exam of clinical specimens

A

Such as sputum lung biopsy material and skin scrapings depends on finding characteristic asexual spores hyphae or yeasts in the light microscope ( stained with 10% KOH India pink fluorescent dye or methanamine silver)

54
Q

Culture of org on sabourauds agar

A

It facilitates the appearance of slow growing fungi by inhibiting the growth of bacteria in the specimen by
1 the low ph of the medium
2 chloramphenicol and cyclohexamide that are frequently added

55
Q

Dna probe test

A

Can identify colonies at an earlier (rapid)stage of growth than visual detected test of colonies

56
Q

Seeologic test

A

For presence of antibodies in the patients serum or spinal fluid and useful in diagnosing systemic mycoses but less in diagnosing other fungal infection
Significant rise in antibody tiger confirm the diagnosis

57
Q

Complement fixation test is the most frequently used in suspected cases of

A

Coccioiodomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Blastomycosis

58
Q

Latex agglutination test is used to detect

A

The presence of the polysaccharide capsular antigens of c.neoformans in spinal fluid in streptococcal meningitis

59
Q

What are the most effective antifungal drugs

A

Amphotericin b and azoles

60
Q

Amphotericin b mechanism of action

A

Disrupts fungal cell memebranes at the site of ergosterol

61
Q

Amphotericin b mechanism of action

A

Disrupts fungal cell memebranes at the site of egosterol

62
Q

Amphotericin b is Also called

A

Fungizone

63
Q

Caspofungin (cancidas) drugs mechanism of action

A

Inhibit the sysnthesis of beta glucan which found in fungal cell walls but not in the bacterial cell walls( human cells do not have a cell wall)

64
Q

Azole drugs mechanismof action

A

Inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol which is essential component of fungal membranes

Mycology (4 decks)

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