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Parasitology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What do Parasites occur as?

A

Group

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2
Q

Where do Parasites live?

A

On/Inside host

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3
Q

What do Parasites do to host?

A

Harm it

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4
Q

Define Parasitology

A

Science discussing Parasites

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5
Q

What are the 7 types of Parasites?

A 
Ecto
Endo
Obligate
Facultative 
Accidental
Erratic 
Coprozoic/Suprious
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6
Q

What part of the host where Ectoparasites live in?

A

Outer surface

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7
Q

What part of the host where Endoparasites live in?

A

Inside its body

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8
Q

Describe Obligate Parasite

A

Completely dependent on host

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9
Q

What are the 2 forms in which Facultative & Coprozoic/Suprious parasites can live as?

A

Free
Or
As a Parasite

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10
Q

What is the only organ where Coprozoic/Suprious parasites pass through?

A

Intestine

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11
Q

What 2 states are Coprozoic/Suprious parasites recovered as?

A

Living
Or
Dead

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12
Q

What is the site at which are Coprozoic/Suprious parasites are recovered from?

A

Human feces

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13
Q

Describe Accidental Parasite (2 points)

A

Attacks unnatural host

Survives

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14
Q

Describe Erratic Parasite

A

Wanders in organ which’s uncommonly found in

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15
Q

What are the 5 types of Host?

A 
Definitive 
Intermediate
Paratenic 
Reservoir
Vector
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16
Q

What stages of the parasite does Definitive host harbor? (2 points)

A

Adult
Or
Sexually mature

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17
Q

What stage of the parasite does Intermediate host harbor?

A

Sexually immature

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18
Q

What stage of the parasite does Parantenic host harbor?

A

Development Arrested

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19
Q

Where are Reservoir host & Zoonosis found in?

A

Animal

Human being

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20
Q

Where is Zoonosis normally found in?

A

Animal

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21
Q

What does Reservoir host act as to human beings?

A

Infection source

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22
Q

Where is Vector found in?

A

Arthropod

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23
Q

Describe Vector

A

Transports pathogenic organism

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24
Q

Between what hosts does Vector transport pathogenic organism?

A

Infected to Non-infected

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25
Q

Describe Zoonosis

A

Parasitic disease

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26
Q

What are the 3 Host-Parasite Relationships

A

Symbiosis
Commensalism
Parasitism

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27
Q

Describe Symbiosis

A

Host & Parasite are interdependent

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28
Q

How are host & parasite interdependent in Symbiosis?

A

One cannot live without other’s help

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29
Q

Describe Parasite in Commensalism & Parasitism

A

Benefited

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30
Q

Describe Host in Commensalism

A

Not injured

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31
Q

Describe Host in Parasitism (2 points)

A

Always harmed

Gets nothing in return

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32
Q

What are the 12 modes of Parasitic infection?

A 
Trans-placental
Through:
Skin
Mucous membrane
Ingestion of:
Contaminated food/drink
Improper cooked meat
Eggs Inhalation
Infected blood sucking arthropod
Blood transfusions from infected persons
Organ transplantation 
Along nerve-sheath 
Auto-infection 
Domestic animals
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33
Q

Between who is parasitic infection transmitted in Placenta?

A

Mother to Fetus

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34
Q

How is parasitic infection transmitted through skin?

A

Contact with infected:
Soil
Or
Water

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35
Q

State the 2 parasites that transmit infection through Skin

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

Schistosomes

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36
Q

State the parasite that transmits infection through Mucous Membrane

A

Trichomonus vaginalis

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37
Q

State the parasite that transmits infection by ingestion of contaminated food/drink

A

Fasciola spp.

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38
Q

State the 2 parasites that transmit infection by ingestion of improper cooked meat

A

Taenia:
Solium
Saginata

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39
Q

State the parasite that transmits infection by infected blood sucking arthropod & by blood transfusions from infected persons

A

Plasmodium spp.

40
Q

State the parasite that transmits infection by egg inhalation

A

Entrobius vermicularis

41
Q

State the parasite that transmits infection along nerve sheath

A

Naegleria fowleri

42
Q

Describe Auto-infection

A

Patient reinfects himself

43
Q

What are the 2 types of Auto-infection?

A

External

Internal

44
Q

How can a patient reinfects himself externally?

A

From Anus to Mouth

By fingers

45
Q

State the parasite that transmits infection by external Auto-infection

A

Entrobiasis

46
Q

How can a patient reinfects himself internally?

A

Anti-Peristaltic Movement

47
Q

State the parasite that transmits infection by internal Auto-infection

A

Cystcerocosis

48
Q

State the parasite that transmits infection by domestic animals

A

Tocoplasma gondii

49
Q

Between who is parasitic infection transmitted in domestic animals?

A

Cat to human being

50
Q

State the 3 modes of Parasitic infection which are transmitted by the same parasite

A

Trans-Placental
Organ Transplantation
Domestic Animals

51
Q

State the parasite that transmits infection by these 3 modes

A

Tocoplasma gondii

52
Q

How does a Parasite survive?

A

By transmission from host to host

53
Q

What are the 2 types of Parasite life cycle

A

Simple

Complex

54
Q

How many hosts are involved in the simple life cycle?

A

One

55
Q

How many hosts are involved in the complex life cycle?

A

2 or more

56
Q

What are the 2 stages of a life cycle

A

Diagnostic

Infective

57
Q

What is the purpose of diagnosis stage?

A

Used in diagnosis

58
Q

What is the purpose of infective stage?

A

Initiates infection

59
Q

What do Parasites cause?

A

Host tissue damage

60
Q

What are the 7 ways of diagnosing parasitic disease?

A 
Clinical
Parasitological
Immunological
Xray 
CT
CBC
Endoscope
61
Q

What are the 2 clinical diagnosis of parasitic disease which the host’s response can be recognized as?

A

Signs

Symptoms

62
Q

What is the parasitological diagnosis of parasitic disease?

A

Microscopic detections

63
Q

What are examples of features microscopically detected during pathological diagnosis?
(2 points)

A

Eggs

Larvae

64
Q

What are the 3 immunological diagnosis of parasitic disease?

A

IHAT
ELISA
PCR

65
Q

What are the 2 types of Parasitic infections?

A

Symptomatic

Asymptomatic

66
Q

What causes Symptomatic parasitic infection? (2 points)

A

Systemic &/ Local parasitic effects

67
Q

What are the 5 clinical findings due to systemic effects

A 
Allergy
Toxaemia 
Anapylaxis
Malnutrition 
Anaemia
68
Q

What are the 4 clinical findings due to local effects

A 
Pressure symptoms 
Mechanical obstruction 
Epithelium:
Damage
Or
Irritation 
Local skin manifestations
69
Q

What 2 factors does the injury degree of human host depend on?

A

Parasite-related

Host susceptibility-related

70
Q

What are the 5 parasite-related factors that the injury degree of human host depend on?

A 
Burden
Size 
Site
Activity 
Virulence
71
Q

Describe virulence

A

Parasite strain

72
Q

What are the 6 host susceptibility-related factors that the injury degree of human host depend on?

A 
Immunity 
Age
Sex
Genetic factors
Occupation
Nutrition
73
Q

What is the most important host susceptibility-related factor that the injury degree of human host depend on?

A

Immunity

74
Q

What are the 3 classifications of parasites?

A

Helminths
Protozoa
Arthropoda

75
Q

According to what features are Parasites classified into? (2 points)

A

Morphology

Genetic structure

76
Q

What are the 2 ways in which parasite affects host?

A

Direct

Indirect

77
Q

What are the 3 direct effects of a parasite on its host?

A

Traumatic damage
Toxic substances production
Deprivation

78
Q

What causes Traumatic damage?

A

Pressure

79
Q

What would happen to the damage?

A

Grows larger

80
Q

Give an example of a traumatic damage

A

Hydatid cyst

81
Q

What is the effect of Hydatid cyst formation?

A

Block ducts

82
Q

What are the ducts that are blocked by Hydatid cyst?

A

Blood vessels

83
Q

What do these blood vessels produce?

A

Infraction

84
Q

What may toxic substances cause? (2 points)

A

Rigors

Other symptoms

85
Q

Give an example to a parasite which produces toxic substances

A

Plasmodium falciparum

86
Q

What do parasites deprive from a host? (3 points)

A

Nutrients
Fluids
Metabolites

87
Q

How can parasites compete with a host for nutrients?

A

Produce disease

88
Q

What are the 2 indirect effects of a parasite on its host?

A

Immunological reaction/response

Rapid increase of certain tissues

89
Q

What can the 2 indirect effects ,of a parasite on a host, cause?

A

Tissue damage

90
Q

Give an example of an immunological reaction/response of a parasite on its host

A

Nephritic syndrome

Parasitic infection

91
Q

State the parasite that indirectly affect its host by immunological reaction/response

A

Plasmodium

92
Q

State of the parasite that indirectly affect its host by rapid increase of certain tissues

A

Schistosoma

93
Q

How does Schistosoma cause tissue damage?

A

Deposits ova

Invades tissues

94
Q

Which tissues does Schistosoma invade?

A

Liver

95
Q

What effect of the liver is caused by Schistosoma?

A

Fibrosis

Parasitology (4 decks)

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