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Parasitology > HELMINTHOLOGY and CESTODA > Flashcards

HELMINTHOLOGY and CESTODA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 phyla that worms belong to?

A

Platyhelminthes

Nemathelminthes

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2
Q

What are Platyhelminthes known as?

A

Flatworms

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3
Q

What are the 2 classes of Platyhelminthes?

A

Trematoda

Cestoda

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4
Q

What is Trematoda known as?

A

Flukes

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5
Q

What are Nemathelminthes known as?

A

Roundworms

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6
Q

State the class of Nemathelminthes

A

Nematoda

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7
Q

Describe Trematodal body (2 points)

A

Flat

Unsegmented

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8
Q

What does Trematoda look like?

A

Leaf

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9
Q

What is the organ of fixation of Trematoda?

A

Sucker

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of suckers?

A

Oral
Ventral
Genital

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11
Q

What is the only Trematode which isn’t a hermaphrodite?

A

Schistosomes

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12
Q

What do the eggs of Trematodes need?

A

Snail intermediate host

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13
Q

Why do the eggs of Trematodes need snail intermediate host?

A

To complete life cycle

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of Trematodes (flukes)?

A

Liver
Intestinal
Blood

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15
Q

According to what are Trematodes (flukes) classified?

A

Habitat

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16
Q

Give an example of a liver fluke

A

Fasciola species

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17
Q

Give an example of an intestinal fluke

A

Heterophyes heterophyes

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18
Q

Give an example of a blood fluke

A

Schistosoma species

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19
Q

What are the 2 species of Fasciola?

A

Gigantica

Hepatica

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20
Q

Where are the Fasciola species geographically distributed?

A

Far East
North Africa
Egypt

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21
Q

What is the disease caused by Fasciola species?

A

Fascioliasis

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22
Q

What is the habitat of Fasciola species?

A

Bile ducts

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23
Q

What are the definitive host of Fasciola species?

A

Herbivorous animals

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24
Q

What are the examples of Herbivorous animals?

A

Cattle

Sheep

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25
Q

What do Herbivorous animals act as?

A

Reservoir hosts

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26
Q

For what do Herbivorous animals act as reservoir hosts?

A

Usual infection of human being

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27
Q

What is the intermediate host for Fasciola Gigantica?

A

Lymnaea cailliaudi snail

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28
Q

What is the intermediate host for Fasciola Hepatica?

A

Lymnaea truncatula snail

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29
Q

What is the infective stage for Fasciola species?

A

Encysted metacercaria

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30
Q

How do Fasciola species cause infection?

A

Raw vegetables ingestion
Or
Drinking water

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31
Q

What must the raw vegetables and water contain for the infection to be caused?

A

Encysted metacercaria

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32
Q

Give an example of a raw vegetable ingested for the infection to be caused

A

Green salad

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33
Q

What is the diagnostic stage of the Fasciola species?

A

Egg

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34
Q

What is the size of this egg?

A

150 × 70 µm

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35
Q

What is the shape of the egg?

A

Oval

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36
Q

What is the thickness of the egg?

A

Thin

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37
Q

What is the colour of the egg?

A

Yellowish brown

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38
Q

What is inside this egg?

A

Immature miradcidium

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39
Q

What is present inside the egg?

A

Operculum

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40
Q

What is the Morphological stage of the Fasciola species?

A

Adult

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41
Q

What is the shape of Fasciola species?

A

Leaf-like

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42
Q

What is the size of Fasciola Gigantica in the morphological (adult) stage?

A

6cmx1.5cm

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43
Q

Describe the size of Fasciola Gigantica?

2 points

A

Parallel

Lateral

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44
Q

What is the size of Fasciola Hepatica in the morphological (adult) stage?

A

3cmx1cm

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45
Q

Describe the shoulder size of Fasciola Hepatica

A

Prominent

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46
Q

Describe the sides of Fasciola Hepatica size

A

Converging

Lateral

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47
Q

Which sucker is larger in Fasciola Gigantica?

A

Ventral>Oral

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48
Q

Describe the size of Ventral & Oral suckers in Fasciola Gigantica

A

Equal

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49
Q

What is the life cycle of Fasciola species

A 
Egg
Hatches
Ciliated meracidium 
Snail
Sporocysts
Rediae 
Cercariae 
Encysted metacercaria
Food or water
Intestine & Liver
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50
Q

Where is the egg found in?

A

Feces

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51
Q

Where does the egg hatch in?

A

Water

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52
Q

Where can Encysted metacercaria be present on?

A

Water plants

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53
Q

What is the Pathogenesis of Fasciola species? (7 points)

A

Parenchymal:
Destruction
Necrosis

Hemorrhage
Inflammatory reactions
Biliary epithelium hyperplasia
Fibrosis thickens ducts
Minute Abscess
Ectopic lesions formation
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54
Q

What causes parenchymal destruction &

necrosis, hemorrhage and inflammatory reactions?

A

Flukes migration

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55
Q

What is the maturity of flukes that cause parenchymal destruction &
necrosis, hemorrhage and inflammatory reactions during their migration

A

Immature

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56
Q

Which tissue do Immature flukes migrate through?

A

Liver

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57
Q

Which cells mediate inflammatory reactions?

A

Eosinophils

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58
Q

What causes biliary epithelium hyperplasia and the thickening of ducts by fibrosis? (3 points)

A

Mechanical obstruction
Inflammatory responses
Proline activity

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59
Q

What do Flukes secrete?

A

Proline

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60
Q

Where can minute abscess be formed?

A

Around eggs

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61
Q

Where are exactly is the minute abscess formed in the eggs?

A

Parenchyma

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62
Q

What causes flukes to form Ectopic lesions?

A

Their way is lost during migration

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63
Q

Which tissue do mature flukes migrate through?

A

Intestine

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64
Q

What is the clinical picture of Fascioliasis? (5 points)

A 
Fever
Urticaria
Biliary colic
Digestive disturbances
Jaundice
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65
Q

What is associated with Biliary colic?

A

Pain

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66
Q

Where exactly is this pain?

A

Right hypochondrium

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67
Q

What are the 3 digestive disturbances caused by Fascioliasis?

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea

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68
Q

How is the liver affected due to Fascioliasis? (2 points)

A

Enlarged

Tendered

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69
Q

What are the clinical diagnosis of Fascioliasis? (3 points)

A

Hepatomegly
Jaundice
Fever

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70
Q

What are the laboratory diagnosis of Fascioliasis? (3 points)

A

Stool Examination
Tests:
Serological
Radiological

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71
Q

What is the stool examined for?

A

Diagnostic stage

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72
Q

What are the 2 Serological tests used?

A

IHAT

ELISA

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73
Q

What are the 3 Radiological tests used?

A

X-ray
U.S
C-T

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74
Q

What are the 2 treatments for Fascioliasis?

A

Bithionol

Triclabendazole

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75
Q

What is the unit used for these drugs?

A

mg/kg

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76
Q

What is the range of mg/kg used for Bithionol?

A

30-50

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77
Q

How is Bithionol taken?

A

Orally

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78
Q

For how many days is Bithionol taken?

A

Everyday

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79
Q

For how long is Bithionol taken?

A

2 weeks

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80
Q

What is the type of Triclabendazole used to treat Fascioliasis?

A

Fasinex

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81
Q

What is the proper mg/kg used for Triclabendazole?

A

10

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82
Q

How is Triclabendazole taken?

A

Orally

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83
Q

For how many days is Bithionol taken?

A

1

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84
Q

How to prevent and control Fascioliasis?

6 points

A
  1. Health education
  2. Raw vegetables proper washing
  3. Avoid defecation in water
  4. Treatment of:
    Patients
    Reservoir hosts
  5. Snail control
  6. Safe water supply
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85
Q

Where is the Intestinal fluke (Heterophyes heterophyes) geographically distributed?
(2 points)

A

East:
Middle
Far

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86
Q

Where is the Intestinal fluke (Heterophyes heterophyes) mainly distributed in Egypt?
(2 points)

A

Manzala

Brollos

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87
Q

What is the disease caused by Heterophyes heterophyes?

A

Heterophyiasis

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88
Q

What is the habitat of Heterophyes heterophyes?

A

Small intestine

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89
Q

What is the definitive host?

A

Fish-eating animals

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90
Q

What are the examples of fish-eating animals?

A

Dogs

Cats

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91
Q

State another definitive host

A

Human being

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92
Q

What do fish-eating animals act as?

A

Reservoir hosts

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93
Q

What is the 1st intermediate host?

A

Snail

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94
Q

What is the name of this snail?

A

Pirenella conica

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95
Q

What is the 2nd intermediate host?

A

Fish

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96
Q

What is the name of these 2 fish?

A

Mugil

Tilapia

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97
Q

What are the 2 types of fish?

A

Boury

Bolti

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98
Q

What type of fish is Mugil?

A

Boury

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99
Q

What type of fish is Tilapia?

A

Bolti

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100
Q

What is the infective stage?

A

Encysted metacercaria

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101
Q

How is the man infected by Heterophyes heterophyes?

A

By eating these fish

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102
Q

Describe the fish he ate (3 points)

A

Insufficiently cooked
Grilled
Salted

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103
Q

What must the fish contain for the infection to be caused?

A

Encysted metacercaria

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104
Q

What is the diagnostic stage?

A

Egg

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105
Q

What is the size of the egg?

A

30 × 17 µm

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106
Q

What is the shape of the egg? (2 points)

A

Oval

Thick

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107
Q

What is the thickness of the egg?

A

Thick

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108
Q

What is present inside the egg?

A

Operculum

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109
Q

What is the color of the egg?

A

Yellowish brown

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110
Q

What is inside this egg?

A

Mature miracidium

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111
Q

What does the shape of Heterophyes heterophyes look like in the morphological (adult) stage?

A

Pear

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112
Q

What is the size of Heterophyes heterophyes in the morphological (adult) stage?

A

1.5 × 0.5 mm

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113
Q

What does the egg of Heterophyes heterophyes have in the morphological (adult) stage?

A

2:
Simple intestinal Caeca
Oval testes

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114
Q

Where do the 2 oval tests lie in?

A

Body end:
Posterior
Anterior

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115
Q

What is the life cycle of Heterophyes heterophyes?

A 
Egg
Miracidium
Snail 
Sporocysts
Redia
Cercariae 
Metacercaria
Man 
Adult worm
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116
Q

What is the name of the snail?

A

Pirenella conica

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117
Q

What is the clinical picture of Heterophyiasis? (7 points)

A 
Asymptomatic
Diarrhea
Colic 
Vomiting
Egg embolism 
Brain haemorrhages 
Pulmonary hypertension
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118
Q

What is Egg embolism known as?

A

Myocarditis

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119
Q

When do diarrhea, colic & vomiting occur in?

A

Heaving infection

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120
Q

What is the clinical diagnosis of Heterophyiasis?

A

Eating fish history

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121
Q

What is the laboratory diagnosis of Heterophyiasis?

A

Stool examination

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122
Q

What is the stool examined for?

A

Diagnostic stage

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123
Q

What is the treatment for Heterophyiasis?

A

Praziquantel

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124
Q

What is the type of Praziquantel used to treat Heterophyiasis?

A

Biltricide

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125
Q

What is the unit used for this drug?

A

mg/kgm

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126
Q

How is Praziquantel taken?

A

Orally

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127
Q

How orally is it taken?

A

tds

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128
Q

How to prevent and control Heterophyiasis? (5 points)

A 
1- Health education
2- Proper fish:
Cooking 
Salting
3- Treatment of cases
4- Snail control.
5- Avoid defecation in water
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129
Q

𝐖𝐞𝐥𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐬

A

🍃 🅷🅰🅻🆉🅾🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🅽🍃

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130
Q

What are the 2 parasites that cause Parasitic pharyncitis?

A

Fasciola

Linguatula serrata

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131
Q

Through what mode is Taeniasis saginata transmitted to human?

A

Ingestion

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132
Q

Describe Fasciola

A

Living worm

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133
Q

What does human ingest in order for the Fasciola to be transmitted 𝐚𝐬 𝐢𝐭 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧?
(2 points)

A

Fresh raw sheep

Goat livers

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134
Q

What does Fasciola attach to?

A

Pharyngeal mucosa

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135
Q

What does Fasciola cause?

A

Oedematous congestion

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136
Q

What are the 5 sites where oedematous congestion occurs in?

A 
Pharynx
Soft palate
Larynx
Nasal fossae
Eustachian tubes
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137
Q

What is the result of oedematous congestion?

A

Suffocation

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138
Q

What is this suffocation known as?

A

Halzoun

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139
Q

Describe Linguatula serrata

A

Tongue worm

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140
Q

What does human ingest in order for the Linguatula serrata to be transmitted?

A

Infected viscera

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141
Q

What are the animals that humans eat their viscera? (3 points)

A

Rabbits
Sheep
Goats

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142
Q

How does Linguatula serrata enters these animals?

A

Swallowed

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143
Q

Where can Linguatula serrata be found in?

A

Passages

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144
Q

What are the 2 passages which Linguatula serrata can be found in?

A

Nasal

Respiratory

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145
Q

What is hatched in these animals?

A

Larvae

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146
Q

Where does Linguatula serrata’s larvae hatch in these animals?

A

Intestine

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147
Q

Where does the larvae reach?

A

Mesenteric lymph glands

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148
Q

Which stage does the larvae develop into?

A

Nymphal

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149
Q

Describe the Nymphal stage

A

Infective

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150
Q

What does the shape of the larvae look like in the infective nymphal stage?

A

Tounge

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151
Q

How long is the larvae in the infective nymphal stage?

A

5 mm

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152
Q

What is the color of the larvae in the infective nymphal stage?

A

White

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153
Q

What happens to the pharyngeal mucosa due to the ingestion of infected viscera by humans?

A

Severe irritation

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154
Q

What is the caused due to the severe irritation of the pharyngeal mucosa?

A

Parasitic pharyngitis

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155
Q

What is accompanied by parasitic pharyngitis? (3 points)

A

Oedema
Cough
Vomiting

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156
Q

Describe Schistosomes (blood flukes)

A

Separate sexes

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157
Q

Which sex is longer than the other?

A

Female

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158
Q

Describe the body of female Schistosome

A

Cylindrical

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159
Q

What does the female Schistosome has on its body?

A

Cuticle

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160
Q

Describe the cuticle of female Schistosome

A

Smooth

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161
Q

What are the 3 species of Schistosomes that infect human beings?

A

Haematobium
Mansoni
Japonicum

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162
Q

What is the diseased causes by Schistosoma haematobium?

A

Urinary Schistosomiasis

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163
Q

What is the disease caused by Schistosoma mansoni and japonicum?

A

Intestinal schistosomiasis

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164
Q

Where can Schistosoma japonicum be found in?

A

Far East

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165
Q

Where is Schistosoma haematobium geographically distributed?

2 points

A

Africa

Nile valley M.East

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166
Q

What is the habitat of Schistosoma haematobium?

A

Veins

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167
Q

Where exactly is Schistosoma haematobium found in veins?

A

Plexus

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168
Q

Which vein plexuses is Schistosoma haematobium found in? (2 points)

A

Pelvic

Vesical

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169
Q

What is the definitive host of Schistosoma haematobium?

A

Human being

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170
Q

What is the intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium?

A

Bulinus Truncatus

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171
Q

What is the infective stage of Schistosoma haematobium?

A

Furcucercous cercaria

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172
Q

What does the human come in contact with for the infection to be transmitted?

A

Infected water

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173
Q

During what times would the human come in contact with infected water?
(2 points)

A

Swimming

Washing

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174
Q

What is the action taken by Schistosoma haematobium in order to be transmit the infection?

A

Penetration

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175
Q

What does Schistosoma haematobium penetrate? (2 points)

A

Skin

Buccal mucosa

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176
Q

What exactly penetrates buccal mucosa?

A

Cercaria

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177
Q

What is the diagnostic stage of Schistosoma haematobium?

A

Egg

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178
Q

Where is the egg present in?

A

Urine

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179
Q

What is the size of this egg?

A

140 × 60 μm

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180
Q

What is the shape of the egg?

2 points

A

Oval

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181
Q

What does the egg have?

A

A spine

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182
Q

Describe the location of the egg spine

A

Terminal

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183
Q

Describe the thickness of the egg

A

Thin

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184
Q

Describe the colour of the egg

A

Translucent

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185
Q

What is inside this egg?

A

Fully formed miracidium

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186
Q

What are seen in the morphology of the Male egg? (2 points)

A

Testes

Caeca

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187
Q

What is the range number of testes in the male egg?

A

4-5

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188
Q

How does the Caeca unite?

A

Posteriorly

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189
Q

What is the range number of Female eggs?

A

20-30

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190
Q

What are seen in the morphology of the Female egg? (2 points)

A

Ovary

Uterus

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191
Q

Describe the length of the ovary and the uterus

A

Long

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192
Q

Where is the ovary located?

A

Posterior to Uterus

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193
Q

What is the life cycle of Schistosoma haematobium? (9 points)

A 
Eggs 
Water 
Miracidium 
Sporocysts 
Daughter
Sporocysts 
Cercariae 
Human 
Adult worm
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194
Q

Describe the water that the eggs lay on

A

Fresh

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195
Q

What is the main cause of pathology in schistosomiasis?

A

Egg

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196
Q

What are the clinical pictures of schistosomiasis? (2 points)

A

Cercarial dermatitis

Lower urinary tract infections

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197
Q

What is observed during Cercarial dermatitis?

A

Rash

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198
Q

What are the 2 ways in which the rash could be seen as?

A

Papular

Urticarial

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199
Q

Which site is the rash seen at?

A

Cercariae

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200
Q

Describe cercariae

A

Penetrating

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201
Q

What are the 4 conditions caused which show how affected the lower urinary tract is?

A

Dysuria
Terminal haematuria
Frequent micturition
Cystitis

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202
Q

Define haematuria

A

Blood in urine

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203
Q

What is accompanied by Cystitis?

A

A secondary infection

204
Q

What are the 2 organs which their infection is accompanied by Cystitis?

A

Ureters

Kidney

205
Q

What are the 2 types of schistosomiasis diagnosis?

A

Clinical

Laboratory

206
Q

How is schistosomiasis clinically diagnosed by? (2 points)

A

Signs

Symptoms

207
Q

What are the 5 laboratory examinations?

A 
Urine 
Blood
X-ray
Ultrasonography
Serological tests
208
Q

What is urine examined for?

A

S. haematobium eggs

209
Q

What is blood examined for?

3 points

A

Anaemia
Leucocytosis
Eosinophilia

210
Q

What level of Eosinophilia is examined?

A

High

211
Q

What condition uses Serological tests?

A

Bilharziasis

212
Q

What 2 types of Bilharziasis use Serological tests?

A

Urinary

Intestinal

213
Q

Which 2 cases of Bilharziasis use Serological tests?

A

Late

Chronic

214
Q

What are the 3 types of Serological tests used in the laboratory diagnosis of schistosomiasis?

A

ELISA
I.F.A.T
I.H.A.T

215
Q

Describe the 3 Serological tests

2 points

A

Sensitive

Specific

216
Q

Where is Schistosoma mansoni geographically distributed?

3 points

A

Africa
Nile Delta
Upper Egypt

217
Q

What is the disease caused by Schistosoma mansoni?

A

Intestinal schistosomiasis

218
Q

What is the habitat of Schistosoma mansoni?

A

Vein

219
Q

Where exactly is Schistosoma mansoni found in veins?

A

Plexus

220
Q

What is the 2 definitive hosts?

A

Human

Monkeys

221
Q

What is the Intermediate host?

A

Biomphalaria alexandrina

222
Q

What is the infective stage?

A

Furcucercous cercaria

223
Q

What does the human come in contact with for the infection to be transmitted?

A

Infected water

224
Q

During what times would the human come in contact with infected water?
(2 points)

A

Swimming

Washing

225
Q

What is the action taken by Schistosoma haematobium in order to be transmit the infection?

A

Penetration

226
Q

What does Schistosoma haematobium penetrate? (2 points)

A

Skin

Buccal mucosa

227
Q

What exactly penetrates buccal mucosa?

A

Cercaria

228
Q

What is the diagnostic stage?

A

Egg

229
Q

Where is the egg present in?

A

Stool

230
Q

What is the size of the egg?

A

150 x 60 μm

231
Q

What is the shape of the egg?

A

Oval

232
Q

What does the egg have?

A

A spine

233
Q

Describe the location of the egg spine

A

Lateral

234
Q

Describe the thickness of the egg

A

Thin

235
Q

Describe the colour egg

A

Colourless

236
Q

What is inside the egg?

A

Fully formed miracidium

237
Q

What are seen in the morphology of the Male egg? (2 points)

A

Testes

Caeca

238
Q

What is the range number of testes in the male egg?

A

6-9

239
Q

How is the testes occur in?

A

Clusters

240
Q

How does the Caeca unite?

A

Anteriorly

241
Q

What is the range number of Female eggs?2

A

2-3

242
Q

What are seen in the morphology of the Female egg? (2 points)

A

Ovary

Uterus

243
Q

Describe the location of the ovary

A

Anterior

244
Q

Describe the length of the uterus

A

Short

245
Q

What is the life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni? (8 points)

A 
Eggs 
Water 
Miracidium 
Sporocysts
Daughter sporocysts
Cercariae
Human being
Adult worm
246
Q

Describe the water that the eggs lay on?

A

Fresh

247
Q

What is the main pathological cause in schistosomiasis?

A

Egg

248
Q

What are the clinical pictures of schistosomiasis? (2 points)

A

Cercarial dermatitis

Large intestine

249
Q

What is observed during Cercarial dermatitis?

A

Rash

250
Q

What are the 2 ways in which the rash could be seen as?

A

Papular

Urticarial

251
Q

Which site is the rash seen at?

A

Cercariae

252
Q

Describe cercariae

A

Penetrating

253
Q

What are the 2 conditions caused which show how affected the large intestine is?

A

Bilharzial dysentery

Hepato-splenomegaly

254
Q

Describe Bilharzial dysentery

A

Stool mixed with:
Blood
Mucous

255
Q

What causes Bilharzial dysentery?

A

Mucosal ulceration

256
Q

What is accompanied by Bilharzial dysentery?

2 points

A

Tenesmus

Diarrhea

257
Q

What causes Hepato-splenomegaly?

A

Egg deposition

258
Q

Where are eggs deposit in?

A

Liver

259
Q

What does Hepato-splenomegaly cause?

2 points

A

Hepatic enlargement

Later fibrosis

260
Q

What conditions do hepatic enlargement and later fibrosis result in?

A

Portal hypertension
Splenic enlargement
Ascitis
Oesophageal varices

261
Q

What is accompanied by Oesophageal varices?

A

Haematemesis

262
Q

What are the 2 clinical diagnosis of schistosomiasis?

A

Signs

Symptoms

263
Q

What are the 5 laboratory diagnosis for schistosomiasis?

A 
Stool
Blood
X-ray
Serological tests
Ultrasonography
264
Q

What is stool examined for?

A

S. mansoni eggs

265
Q

What is blood examined for?

3 points

A

Anaemia
Leucocytosis
Eosinophilia

266
Q

What level of Eosinophilia is examined?

A

High

267
Q

What condition uses Serological tests?

A

Bilharziasis

268
Q

What 2 types of Bilharziasis use Serological tests?

A

Urinary

Intestinal

269
Q

Which 2 cases of Bilharziasis use Serological tests?

A

Late

Chronic

270
Q

Describe the 3 Serological tests

2 points

A

Sensitive

Specific

271
Q

Why are Serological tests methods are used in late or chronic cases of both urinary and intestinal bilharziasis?

A

Because of fibrosis action on ova

272
Q

Which Fibrosis affects ova?

A

Of affected organs

273
Q

Describe this Fibrosis (2 points)

A

Severe

Massive

274
Q

What kind of action is generated by Fibrosis on ova?

A

Prevention

275
Q

What does Fibrosis prevent ova from doing?

A

Reaching excreta

276
Q

Define excreta

A

Closed lesions

277
Q

What are the 3 types of Serological tests used in the laboratory diagnosis of schistosomiasis?

A

ELISA
I.F.A.T
I.H.A.T

278
Q

Why are Serological tests methods are used in late or chronic cases of both urinary and intestinal bilharziasis?

A

Because of Fibrosis action on ova

279
Q

What treatment is given for schistosomiasis?

A

PraziquanteI

280
Q

What is the type of PraziquanteI used to treat schistosomiasis?

A

Biltricide

281
Q

What are the 2 forms of PraziquanteI that can be taken as?

A

Tablet

Dose

282
Q

What unit is used for the tablet?

A

mg/tablet

283
Q

What is the proper mg/tablet used for PraziquanteI?

A

600

284
Q

Which 2 bacteria is PraziquanteI effective against?

A

S.haematobium

S. mansoni

285
Q

What is the unit used for the dose?

A

mg/kg

286
Q

What is the proper mg/kg used for the dose?

A

40

287
Q

How is the dose taken?

A

Orally

288
Q

How many times is the dose taken?

A

Once

289
Q

How to control schistosomiasis?

3 points

A

Health education
Safe water supply
Snail control

290
Q

How to control schistosomiasis through health education?

A

Instructing individuals to dry their bodies immediately

291
Q

When should individuals dry their bodies immediately?

A

After contact with infected water

292
Q

What must be done with the water supply?

A

Storage

293
Q

For how long should the water supply be stored?

A

48 hours

294
Q

What is done with the water supply?

3 points

A

Filtration
Chlorination
Heating/boiling

295
Q

What is the result of these actions?

A

Cercariae killed

296
Q

What condition be caused by a snail?

A

Molluscum

297
Q

What are the 3 ways in which snails are controlled?

A

Physically
Biologically
Chemically

298
Q

What 2 actions are considered when physically controlling snail?

A

Elimination

Collection

299
Q

What is eliminated?

A

Aquatic plants

300
Q

What is collected?

A

Snails

301
Q

What is used to biologically control snails?

A

Natural enemies

302
Q

What is an example of the natural enemies of the snails?

A

Fish

303
Q

What is used to chemically control snails?

A

Molluscicides

304
Q

Give 2 examples of molluscicides

A

Copper sulphate

Bayluscide

305
Q

Which parasite is used in the transmission of Cercarial Dermatitis?

A

Schistosome cercariae of non-human species

306
Q

How does this species of Schistosome cercariae transmit Cercarial Dermatitis by?

A

Penetration

307
Q

What does this species of Schistosome cercariae penetrate?

A

Human’s skin

308
Q

What is not penetrated by the this species of Schistosome cercariae?

A

Germinal layer

309
Q

What are the clinical pictures of Cercarial Dermatitis? (3 points)

A

Itching
Dermatitis
Secondary infection

310
Q

What is the secondary infection caused?

A

Pustules

311
Q

What is the diagnosis of Cercarial Dermatitis?

A

Historical diagnosis

312
Q

Which history is considered in the diagnosis?

2 points

A

Canal water contact

Skin rash

313
Q

What 2 treatments given for Cercarial Dermatitis’s 2ry infection?

A

Antihistaminic

Antibiotics

314
Q

What are the 2 types of antibiotics given to treat Cercarial Dermatitis’s 2ry infection?

A

Local

Systemic

315
Q

How to control Cercarial Dermatitis?

3 points

A

Snail control
Polluted water avoidance
Dry skin immediately after leaving water

316
Q

Why should the skin be dried immediately after leaving water?

A

To prevent cercarial penetration

317
Q

Describe Cestoda

A

Tapeworms

318
Q

What is Cestoda known as?

A

Tapeworms

319
Q

What does Cestoda look like?

A

Ribbon

320
Q

Describe Cestodal body

A

Flat

Segmented

321
Q

What are the 3 segments of Cestodal body?

A

Solex/head
Neck
Segments/proglottids

322
Q

What does scolex/head has?

A

4 suckers

323
Q

Define suckers

A

Fixation organs

324
Q

Describe the neck region

A

Active

325
Q

What are the segments/proglottids differentiated into? (3 points)

A

Immature
Mature
Gravid

326
Q

Which segment is the nearest to the neck?

A

Immature

327
Q

Describe the Cestodal reproductive system

A

Hermaphrodites

328
Q

What are the 4 classifications of Cestoda that infects humans?

A

Taenia saginata
Taenia solium
Echinococcus granulosus
Hymenolepis nana

329
Q

What is Taenia saginata known as?

A

Beef Tapeworm

330
Q

Where is Taenia saginata geographically distributed?

A

Cosmopolitan

331
Q

What is disease is caused by Taenia saginata?

A

Taeniasis saginata

332
Q

What is the habitat of Taenia saginata?

A

Small intestine

333
Q

What is the Definitive host?

A

Human

334
Q

What is the Intermediate host?

A

Cattle

335
Q

What is the Infective stage?

A

Cysticercus bovis

336
Q

What does human ingest in order for Taeniasis saginata to be transmitted 𝐚𝐬 𝐂𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐬 𝐛𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐬 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧?
(2 points)

A

Beef

337
Q

Describe this beef (2 points)

A

Raw

Improperly cooked

338
Q

What are the diagnostic stages?

A

Egg

Gravid segments

339
Q

What is the size of the egg?

A

30-42 μm

340
Q

What is the shape of the egg? (2 points)

A

Spherical

Striated

341
Q

Describe the thickness of the egg

A

Thick

342
Q

What is the colour of the egg?

A

Yellowish brown

343
Q

What is inside this egg?

A

Hexacanth embryo

344
Q

What are seen in the morphology of the egg? (points)

A

Worm
Scolex
2 segments

345
Q

Describe the worm seen

A

Adult

346
Q

What is the length range of the adult worm?

A

5-10 meters

347
Q

How many sucker does the Solex have?

A

4

348
Q

Due to the 4 suckers that the Solex have, what is it known as?

A

Quadrate

349
Q

What is the shape of these suckers?

A

Circular

350
Q

What are the 2 features that suckers lack?

A

Rostellum

Hooks

351
Q

What are the 2 segments that are seen?

A

Mature

Gravid

352
Q

Describe the mature segment

A

Squarish

353
Q

What does the mature segment contains? (2 points)

A

Ovary

Testes

354
Q

Describe the ovary

A

Bilobed

355
Q

How is the ovary located?

A

Posteriorly

356
Q

Describe the amount of Tests

A

Numerous

357
Q

Describe Gravid segment’s length and width dimensions

A

Longer than broad

358
Q

What fills the Gravis segment?

A

Uterus

359
Q

What is the life cycle of Taenia saginata?

5 points

A 
Cattle 
Cysticercus bovis 
Human 
Small intestine 
Adult
360
Q

What is cattle’s purpose in the life cycle?

A

Ingests eggs

361
Q

What are the clinical picture of Taeniasis saginata? (7 points)

A 
Asymptomatic
Abdominal colic
Vomiting
Diarrhoea 
Segments passage 
Intestinal obstruction
Appendicitis
362
Q

What are passed in accompany with segments?

A

Feces

363
Q

What causes Intestinal obstruction?

A

Rolled mass of worms

364
Q

What is the diagnosis of Taeniasis saginata?

A

Stool examination

365
Q

What is stool examined for? (2 points)

A

Eggs

Gravid segments

366
Q

What are the 2 treatments used for Taenia saginata?

A

Praziquantel

Niclosamide

367
Q

Which type of PraziquanteI is used to treat Taenia saginata?

A

Any type

368
Q

What unit is used for the drug?

A

mg/kg

369
Q

What is the range of mg/kg used for Praziquantel?

A

5-10

370
Q

How many times is the drug taken?

A

Once

371
Q

What form is Niclosamide taken as?

A

Tablets

372
Q

Which type of Niclosamide is used to treat Taenia saginata?

A

Yomesan

373
Q

What unit is used for the tablet?

A

gm

374
Q

What is the proper gm used for the tablet?

A

2

375
Q

How many times is the tablet taken?

A

Once

376
Q

When is this tablet taken?

A

After breakfast

377
Q

What must be followed by the tablet 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐭 𝐰𝐞𝐥𝐥?

A

Saline purge

378
Q

When should the Saline purge be taken?

A

After taking Niclosamide by 2-3 hours

379
Q

How to prevent and control Taenia saginata? (4 points)

A

Health education
Meat proper cooking
Infected persons treatment
Proper meat inspection at slaughter houses.

380
Q

What is Taenia solium known as?

A

Pork tapeworm

381
Q

Where is Taenia solium geographically distributed?

A

Cosmopolitan wherever pork/pork products are eaten

382
Q

What is the disease caused by Taenia solium?

A

Taeniasis solium

383
Q

What is the habitat of Taenia solium?

A

Small intestine

384
Q

What is the definitive host?

A

Human

385
Q

What is the Intermediate host?

A

Pig

386
Q

What is the infective stage?

A

Cysticercus cellulosae

387
Q

Through what mode is Taenia solium transmitted to human?

A

Ingestion

388
Q

What does human ingest in order for Taeniasis solium to be transmitted 𝐚𝐬
𝐓𝐚𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐚 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧?

A

Pigs meat

389
Q

Describe the pigs meat?

A

Insufficiently cooked

390
Q

What is the diagnostic stage and morphology of Taenia solium similar to?

A

Taenia saginata

391
Q

How is Taenia solium’s length different from Taenia saginata’s?

A

Shorter

392
Q

How long is Taenia solium?

A

4 meters

393
Q

Describe the shape of the Solex of Taenia solium

A

Globular

394
Q

What does this Solex contain?

A

Protruded rostellum

395
Q

How many branches do Gravid segments have?

A

7-11

396
Q

Describe the position of these branches

A

Lateral

397
Q

Describe these branches

A

Uterine

398
Q

What is the life cycle of Taenia solium?

5 points

A 
Pigs 
Cysticercus bovis 
Human ingests raw pork 
Small intestine 
Adult
399
Q

What is the pig’s purpose in the life cycle?

A

Ingests egg

400
Q

What is the clinical picture of Taeniasis solium? (3 points)

A

Abdominal symptoms
Malnutrition
Cysticercosis

401
Q

What are the abdominal symptoms?

3 points

A

Colics
Diarrhea
Vomiting

402
Q

Define Cysticercosis

A

Disease

403
Q

Describe Cysticercosis

A

Severe

404
Q

Which stage produces Cysticercosis?

A

Larval

405
Q

Define Cysticercosis

A

Cysticercus cellulosae presence

406
Q

Where is Cysticercus cellulosae present in? (3 points)

A

Muscles
Subcutaneous tissues
Brain

407
Q

What does Cysticercosis cause around Cysticercus cellulosae?

A

Inflammatory reaction

408
Q

What are the diagnosis methods for Taeniasis solium? (3 points)

A

Clinical
Laboratory
Stool examination

409
Q

What are the 2 clinical diagnosis of Taeniasis solium?

A

Symptoms

Signs

410
Q

What is stool examined for? (2 points)

A

Eggs

Gravid segments

411
Q

What is the treatment used for Taenia saginata?

A

Praziquantel

412
Q

Which type of PraziquanteI is used to treat Taenia saginata?

A

Any type

413
Q

What unit is used for the drug?

A

mg/kg

414
Q

What is the range of mg/kg used for Praziquantel?

A

5-10

415
Q

How many times is the drug taken?

A

Once

416
Q

What is the drug which is contraindicated in Taenia solium?

A

Niclosamide (Yomesan)

417
Q

What is the action taken by Niclosamide (Yomesan) that makes it contraindicated in Taenia solium?

A

Disintegration

418
Q

What does Niclosamide (Yomesan) disintegrate?

A

Gravid segments

419
Q

As a result of gravid segments disintegration, what is released?

A

Many eggs

420
Q

As a result of gravid segments disintegration, what is increased?

A

Cysticercosis risk

421
Q

What action takes place in Cysticercosis?

A

Invasion

422
Q

What is invaded during Cysticercosis?

A

Human tissues

423
Q

Which parasite invades Cysticercosis?

A

Taenia solium

424
Q

Which stage of Taenia solium invades human tissues during Cysticercosis?

A

Larval/Infective

425
Q

What does the human act as?

A

Blind intermediate host

426
Q

What modes of transmission in which Cysticercosis is transmitted to human?
(3 points)

A

Ingestion
Auto-infection
Infected food handlers

427
Q

What does human ingest in order for Cysticercosis to be transmitted 𝐚𝐬 𝐢𝐭 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐚𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐚 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐞𝐠𝐠𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧?
(2 points)

A

Raw vegetables

Water

428
Q

What is this water contaminated by?

A

Infected feces

429
Q

What are the 2 types of Auto-infection?

A

Internal

External

430
Q

What is an example of internal auto-infection?

A

Retro-infection

431
Q

What causes Internal auto-infection?

A

Eggs regurgitation

432
Q

What causes the release of these eggs?

A

Gravid segment disintegration

433
Q

Where are these eggs release in?

A

Stomach

434
Q

What causes this regurgitation?

A

Anti-peristalsis

435
Q

What is an example of external auto-infection?

A

Hand to mouth

436
Q

What can Infected food handlers have an effect on?

A

Eggs

437
Q

What is the action of Infected food handlers on eggs?

A

Dissemination

438
Q

What are the clinical signs depend on in the clinical picture of Cysticercosis?

A

Cyst location

439
Q

Where is the cyst located in?

A

Muscles

Subcutaneous tissue

440
Q

Which organs’ muscles and subcutaneous tissue is where Cyst located in?

A

Vital organs

441
Q

What are the 3 ways in which Cysticercosis is diagnosed?

A

Clinical
Laboratory
Imaging techniques

442
Q

What is used in the clinical diagnosis?

A

History

443
Q

What condition is the suggestive history especially used in?

A

Taenia solium intestinal infection

444
Q

What are the 3 methods of laboratory diagnosis?

A

Direct
Indirect
Blood picture

445
Q

Describe the direct laboratory diagnosis

A

Microscopic examination

446
Q

What is microscopically examined?

A

Biopsy

447
Q

Where can this biopsy be taken from?

2 points

A

Skin

Muscle

448
Q

Describe the time when the biopsy is microscopically examined

A

Post-operative

449
Q

What are the 3 indirect laboratory diagnosis?

A

ELISA
IHT
IFT

450
Q

What is Hymenolepis nana known as?

A

Dwarf tapeworm

451
Q

Describe the geographical distribution of Hymenolepis nana

A

Cosmopolitan

452
Q

Which climates are Hymenolepis nana more common in?

A

Warm

453
Q

Which country is this Hymenolepis nana the most common cestoda in?

A

Egypt

454
Q

What disease is caused by Hymenolepis nana?

A

Hymenolepiasis nana

455
Q

What is the habitat of Hymenolepis nana?

A

Human

456
Q

Where exactly is the habitat of Hymenolepis nana in a human?

A

Small intestine

457
Q

What especially has Hymenolepis nana habituated in them?

A

Children

458
Q

What is the definitive host of Hymenolepis nana?

A

Human

459
Q

What especially is the definitive host of Hymenolepis nana?

A

Children

460
Q

What is the infective stage?

A

Egg

461
Q

Through what 2 modes is Hymenolepis nana transmitted to humans?

A

Ingestion

Auto-infection

462
Q

Where is the egg found in causing infection to human? (2 points)

A

Food

Drink

463
Q

Describe the food and water

A

Contaminated

464
Q

Where is this egg then found in?

A

Stool

465
Q

What is the diagnostic stage of Hymenolepis nana?

A

Egg

466
Q

What unit is used to measure this egg?

A

Microns

467
Q

What is the size of this egg?

A

40 microns

468
Q

What is the shape of this egg?

A

Spherical

469
Q

Describe the wall of this egg

A

Doubled

470
Q

What is contained within the shell of this egg?

2 points

A

Thickening

Filaments

471
Q

Describe the thickening and the filaments

A

Polar

472
Q

Which shell are the polar thickening found in?

A

Inner

473
Q

How many polar thickening are found in the inner shell of this egg?

A

2

474
Q

Which shells are the polar filaments found in?

A

Between the inner and the outer

475
Q

What is the number range of polar filaments found between the outer and the inner shells of this egg?

A

4-8

476
Q

Describe the color of this egg

A

Transcend

477
Q

What is does this egg contain?

A

Embryo

478
Q

What is the name of the embryo in which this egg contain?

A

Hexacanth

479
Q

Describe this egg once formed

A

Directly infective

480
Q

What 2 unit are used to measure the Hymenolepis nana?

A

cm

mm

481
Q

What is the size of the smallest Hymenolepis nana tapeworm in human?

A

2-4cm x 1mm

482
Q

What are the morphological features of the Hymenolepis nana?

A

Scolex

2 Segments

483
Q

What are the 2 segments of the Hymenolepis nana?

A

Mature

Gravid

484
Q

What is the scolex provided with?

A

Rostellum

485
Q

What does this rostellum have?

A

Hooks

486
Q

Describe the occurrence of these hooks

A

Row

487
Q

How many rows of hooks are in the scolex?

A

One

488
Q

Describe the dimensions of the mature segment

A

Broader than long

489
Q

What does the gravid segment contain?

A

Uterus

490
Q

What does this uterus looks like?

A

A sac

491
Q

What is this sac filled with?

A

Eggs

492
Q

What is the lifecycle of the Hymenolepis nana?

A

Egg in stool
Eggs ingestion
Re-enter
Adult

493
Q

Where do these eggs re-enter into?

A

Intestinal lumen

494
Q

What is the clinical picture of Hymenolepiasis?

A

Infection

495
Q

What are these 2 infections?

A

Light

Heavy

496
Q

Describe the light infection

A

Asymptomatic

497
Q

What are 4 symptoms of the heavy infection?

A

Headache
Anorexia
Vomiting
Diarrhea

498
Q

What are the 2 diagnosis of Hymenolepiasis?

A

Clinical

Laboratory

499
Q

What is the clinical diagnosis of Hymenolepiasis?

A

Suggestive clinical picture

500
Q

What is the laboratory diagnosis of Hymenolepiasis?

A

Stool examination

501
Q

What is the stool examined for?

A

Egg

502
Q

What is the treatment used for Hymenolepiasis?

A

Praziquantel

503
Q

What is the unit used for this drug?

A

mg/kg

504
Q

What is the proper mg/kg used for Praziquantel?

A

25

505
Q

What should be done due to the directly infective egg?

A

Treat all family members

506
Q

How to prevent and control Hymenolepiasis?

3 points

A

Health education
Personal hygiene
Avoid contaminated food or drink
Mass treatment

Parasitology (4 decks)

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