HELMINTHOLOGY and CESTODA Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 2 phyla that worms belong to?
A
Platyhelminthes
Nemathelminthes
2
Q
What are Platyhelminthes known as?
A
Flatworms
3
Q
What are the 2 classes of Platyhelminthes?
A
Trematoda
Cestoda
4
Q
What is Trematoda known as?
A
Flukes
5
Q
What are Nemathelminthes known as?
A
Roundworms
6
Q
State the class of Nemathelminthes
A
Nematoda
7
Q
Describe Trematodal body (2 points)
A
Flat
Unsegmented
8
Q
What does Trematoda look like?
A
Leaf
9
Q
What is the organ of fixation of Trematoda?
A
Sucker
10
Q
What are the 3 types of suckers?
A
Oral
Ventral
Genital
11
Q
What is the only Trematode which isn’t a hermaphrodite?
A
Schistosomes
12
Q
What do the eggs of Trematodes need?
A
Snail intermediate host
13
Q
Why do the eggs of Trematodes need snail intermediate host?
A
To complete life cycle
14
Q
What are the 3 types of Trematodes (flukes)?
A
Liver
Intestinal
Blood
15
Q
According to what are Trematodes (flukes) classified?
A
Habitat
16
Q
Give an example of a liver fluke
A
Fasciola species
17
Q
Give an example of an intestinal fluke
A
Heterophyes heterophyes
18
Q
Give an example of a blood fluke
A
Schistosoma species
19
Q
What are the 2 species of Fasciola?
A
Gigantica
Hepatica
20
Q
Where are the Fasciola species geographically distributed?
A
Far East
North Africa
Egypt
21
Q
What is the disease caused by Fasciola species?
A
Fascioliasis
22
Q
What is the habitat of Fasciola species?
A
Bile ducts
23
Q
What are the definitive host of Fasciola species?
A
Herbivorous animals
24
Q
What are the examples of Herbivorous animals?
A
Cattle
Sheep
25
What do Herbivorous animals act as?
Reservoir hosts
26
For what do Herbivorous animals act as reservoir hosts?
Usual infection of human being
27
What is the intermediate host for Fasciola Gigantica?
Lymnaea cailliaudi snail
28
What is the intermediate host for Fasciola Hepatica?
Lymnaea truncatula snail
29
What is the infective stage for Fasciola species?
Encysted metacercaria
30
How do Fasciola species cause infection?
Raw vegetables ingestion
Or
Drinking water
31
What must the raw vegetables and water contain for the infection to be caused?
Encysted metacercaria
32
Give an example of a raw vegetable ingested for the infection to be caused
Green salad
33
What is the diagnostic stage of the Fasciola species?
Egg
34
What is the size of this egg?
150 × 70 µm
35
What is the shape of the egg?
Oval
36
What is the thickness of the egg?
Thin
37
What is the colour of the egg?
Yellowish brown
38
What is inside this egg?
Immature miradcidium
39
What is present inside the egg?
Operculum
40
What is the Morphological stage of the Fasciola species?
Adult
41
What is the shape of Fasciola species?
Leaf-like
42
What is the size of Fasciola Gigantica in the morphological (adult) stage?
6cmx1.5cm
43
Describe the size of Fasciola Gigantica?
| 2 points
Parallel
| Lateral
44
What is the size of Fasciola Hepatica in the morphological (adult) stage?
3cmx1cm
45
Describe the shoulder size of Fasciola Hepatica
Prominent
46
Describe the sides of Fasciola Hepatica size
Converging
| Lateral
47
Which sucker is larger in Fasciola Gigantica?
Ventral>Oral
48
Describe the size of Ventral & Oral suckers in Fasciola Gigantica
Equal
49
What is the life cycle of Fasciola species
```
Egg
Hatches
Ciliated meracidium
Snail
Sporocysts
Rediae
Cercariae
Encysted metacercaria
Food or water
Intestine & Liver
```
50
Where is the egg found in?
Feces
51
Where does the egg hatch in?
Water
52
Where can Encysted metacercaria be present on?
Water plants
53
What is the Pathogenesis of Fasciola species? (7 points)
Parenchymal:
Destruction
Necrosis
```
Hemorrhage
Inflammatory reactions
Biliary epithelium hyperplasia
Fibrosis thickens ducts
Minute Abscess
Ectopic lesions formation
```
54
What causes parenchymal destruction &
| necrosis, hemorrhage and inflammatory reactions?
Flukes migration
55
What is the maturity of flukes that cause parenchymal destruction &
necrosis, hemorrhage and inflammatory reactions during their migration
Immature
56
Which tissue do Immature flukes migrate through?
Liver
57
Which cells mediate inflammatory reactions?
Eosinophils
58
What causes biliary epithelium hyperplasia and the thickening of ducts by fibrosis? (3 points)
Mechanical obstruction
Inflammatory responses
Proline activity
59
What do Flukes secrete?
Proline
60
Where can minute abscess be formed?
Around eggs
61
Where are exactly is the minute abscess formed in the eggs?
Parenchyma
62
What causes flukes to form Ectopic lesions?
Their way is lost during migration
63
Which tissue do mature flukes migrate through?
Intestine
64
What is the clinical picture of Fascioliasis? (5 points)
```
Fever
Urticaria
Biliary colic
Digestive disturbances
Jaundice
```
65
What is associated with Biliary colic?
Pain
66
Where exactly is this pain?
Right hypochondrium
67
What are the 3 digestive disturbances caused by Fascioliasis?
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
68
How is the liver affected due to Fascioliasis? (2 points)
Enlarged
| Tendered
69
What are the clinical diagnosis of Fascioliasis? (3 points)
Hepatomegly
Jaundice
Fever
70
What are the laboratory diagnosis of Fascioliasis? (3 points)
Stool Examination
Tests:
Serological
Radiological
71
What is the stool examined for?
Diagnostic stage
72
What are the 2 Serological tests used?
IHAT
| ELISA
73
What are the 3 Radiological tests used?
X-ray
U.S
C-T
74
What are the 2 treatments for Fascioliasis?
Bithionol
| Triclabendazole
75
What is the unit used for these drugs?
mg/kg
76
What is the range of mg/kg used for Bithionol?
30-50
77
How is Bithionol taken?
Orally
78
For how many days is Bithionol taken?
Everyday
79
For how long is Bithionol taken?
2 weeks
80
What is the type of Triclabendazole used to treat Fascioliasis?
Fasinex
81
What is the proper mg/kg used for Triclabendazole?
10
82
How is Triclabendazole taken?
Orally
83
For how many days is Bithionol taken?
1
84
How to prevent and control Fascioliasis?
| 6 points
1. Health education
2. Raw vegetables proper washing
3. Avoid defecation in water
4. Treatment of:
Patients
Reservoir hosts
5. Snail control
6. Safe water supply
85
Where is the Intestinal fluke (Heterophyes heterophyes) geographically distributed?
(2 points)
East:
Middle
Far
86
Where is the Intestinal fluke (Heterophyes heterophyes) mainly distributed in Egypt?
(2 points)
Manzala
| Brollos
87
What is the disease caused by Heterophyes heterophyes?
Heterophyiasis
88
What is the habitat of Heterophyes heterophyes?
Small intestine
89
What is the definitive host?
Fish-eating animals
90
What are the examples of fish-eating animals?
Dogs
| Cats
91
State another definitive host
Human being
92
What do fish-eating animals act as?
Reservoir hosts
93
What is the 1st intermediate host?
Snail
94
What is the name of this snail?
Pirenella conica
95
What is the 2nd intermediate host?
Fish
96
What is the name of these 2 fish?
Mugil
| Tilapia
97
What are the 2 types of fish?
Boury
| Bolti
98
What type of fish is Mugil?
Boury
99
What type of fish is Tilapia?
Bolti
100
What is the infective stage?
Encysted metacercaria
101
How is the man infected by Heterophyes heterophyes?
By eating these fish
102
Describe the fish he ate (3 points)
Insufficiently cooked
Grilled
Salted
103
What must the fish contain for the infection to be caused?
Encysted metacercaria
104
What is the diagnostic stage?
Egg
105
What is the size of the egg?
30 × 17 µm
106
What is the shape of the egg? (2 points)
Oval
| Thick
107
What is the thickness of the egg?
Thick
108
What is present inside the egg?
Operculum
109
What is the color of the egg?
Yellowish brown
110
What is inside this egg?
Mature miracidium
111
What does the shape of Heterophyes heterophyes look like in the morphological (adult) stage?
Pear
112
What is the size of Heterophyes heterophyes in the morphological (adult) stage?
1.5 × 0.5 mm
113
What does the egg of Heterophyes heterophyes have in the morphological (adult) stage?
2:
Simple intestinal Caeca
Oval testes
114
Where do the 2 oval tests lie in?
Body end:
Posterior
Anterior
115
What is the life cycle of Heterophyes heterophyes?
```
Egg
Miracidium
Snail
Sporocysts
Redia
Cercariae
Metacercaria
Man
Adult worm
```
116
What is the name of the snail?
Pirenella conica
117
What is the clinical picture of Heterophyiasis? (7 points)
```
Asymptomatic
Diarrhea
Colic
Vomiting
Egg embolism
Brain haemorrhages
Pulmonary hypertension
```
118
What is Egg embolism known as?
Myocarditis
119
When do diarrhea, colic & vomiting occur in?
Heaving infection
120
What is the clinical diagnosis of Heterophyiasis?
Eating fish history
121
What is the laboratory diagnosis of Heterophyiasis?
Stool examination
122
What is the stool examined for?
Diagnostic stage
123
What is the treatment for Heterophyiasis?
Praziquantel
124
What is the type of Praziquantel used to treat Heterophyiasis?
Biltricide
125
What is the unit used for this drug?
mg/kgm
126
How is Praziquantel taken?
Orally
127
How orally is it taken?
tds
128
How to prevent and control Heterophyiasis? (5 points)
```
1- Health education
2- Proper fish:
Cooking
Salting
3- Treatment of cases
4- Snail control.
5- Avoid defecation in water
```
129
𝐖𝐞𝐥𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐬
🍃 🅷🅰🅻🆉🅾🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🆄🅽🍃
130
What are the 2 parasites that cause Parasitic pharyncitis?
Fasciola
| Linguatula serrata
131
Through what mode is Taeniasis saginata transmitted to human?
Ingestion
132
Describe Fasciola
Living worm
133
What does human ingest in order for the Fasciola to be transmitted 𝐚𝐬 𝐢𝐭 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧?
(2 points)
Fresh raw sheep
| Goat livers
134
What does Fasciola attach to?
Pharyngeal mucosa
135
What does Fasciola cause?
Oedematous congestion
136
What are the 5 sites where oedematous congestion occurs in?
```
Pharynx
Soft palate
Larynx
Nasal fossae
Eustachian tubes
```
137
What is the result of oedematous congestion?
Suffocation
138
What is this suffocation known as?
Halzoun
139
Describe Linguatula serrata
Tongue worm
140
What does human ingest in order for the Linguatula serrata to be transmitted?
Infected viscera
141
What are the animals that humans eat their viscera? (3 points)
Rabbits
Sheep
Goats
142
How does Linguatula serrata enters these animals?
Swallowed
143
Where can Linguatula serrata be found in?
Passages
144
What are the 2 passages which Linguatula serrata can be found in?
Nasal
| Respiratory
145
What is hatched in these animals?
Larvae
146
Where does Linguatula serrata's larvae hatch in these animals?
Intestine
147
Where does the larvae reach?
Mesenteric lymph glands
148
Which stage does the larvae develop into?
Nymphal
149
Describe the Nymphal stage
Infective
150
What does the shape of the larvae look like in the infective nymphal stage?
Tounge
151
How long is the larvae in the infective nymphal stage?
5 mm
152
What is the color of the larvae in the infective nymphal stage?
White
153
What happens to the pharyngeal mucosa due to the ingestion of infected viscera by humans?
Severe irritation
154
What is the caused due to the severe irritation of the pharyngeal mucosa?
Parasitic pharyngitis
155
What is accompanied by parasitic pharyngitis? (3 points)
Oedema
Cough
Vomiting
156
Describe Schistosomes (blood flukes)
Separate sexes
157
Which sex is longer than the other?
Female
158
Describe the body of female Schistosome
Cylindrical
159
What does the female Schistosome has on its body?
Cuticle
160
Describe the cuticle of female Schistosome
Smooth
161
What are the 3 species of Schistosomes that infect human beings?
Haematobium
Mansoni
Japonicum
162
What is the diseased causes by Schistosoma haematobium?
Urinary Schistosomiasis
163
What is the disease caused by Schistosoma mansoni and japonicum?
Intestinal schistosomiasis
164
Where can Schistosoma japonicum be found in?
Far East
165
Where is Schistosoma haematobium geographically distributed?
| 2 points
Africa
| Nile valley M.East
166
What is the habitat of Schistosoma haematobium?
Veins
167
Where exactly is Schistosoma haematobium found in veins?
Plexus
168
Which vein plexuses is Schistosoma haematobium found in? (2 points)
Pelvic
| Vesical
169
What is the definitive host of Schistosoma haematobium?
Human being
170
What is the intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium?
Bulinus Truncatus
171
What is the infective stage of Schistosoma haematobium?
Furcucercous cercaria
172
What does the human come in contact with for the infection to be transmitted?
Infected water
173
During what times would the human come in contact with infected water?
(2 points)
Swimming
| Washing
174
What is the action taken by Schistosoma haematobium in order to be transmit the infection?
Penetration
175
What does Schistosoma haematobium penetrate? (2 points)
Skin
| Buccal mucosa
176
What exactly penetrates buccal mucosa?
Cercaria
177
What is the diagnostic stage of Schistosoma haematobium?
Egg
178
Where is the egg present in?
Urine
179
What is the size of this egg?
140 × 60 μm
180
What is the shape of the egg?
| 2 points
Oval
181
What does the egg have?
A spine
182
Describe the location of the egg spine
Terminal
183
Describe the thickness of the egg
Thin
184
Describe the colour of the egg
Translucent
185
What is inside this egg?
Fully formed miracidium
186
What are seen in the morphology of the Male egg? (2 points)
Testes
| Caeca
187
What is the range number of testes in the male egg?
4-5
188
How does the Caeca unite?
Posteriorly
189
What is the range number of Female eggs?
20-30
190
What are seen in the morphology of the Female egg? (2 points)
Ovary
| Uterus
191
Describe the length of the ovary and the uterus
Long
192
Where is the ovary located?
Posterior to Uterus
193
What is the life cycle of Schistosoma haematobium? (9 points)
```
Eggs
Water
Miracidium
Sporocysts
Daughter
Sporocysts
Cercariae
Human
Adult worm
```
194
Describe the water that the eggs lay on
Fresh
195
What is the main cause of pathology in schistosomiasis?
Egg
196
What are the clinical pictures of schistosomiasis? (2 points)
Cercarial dermatitis
| Lower urinary tract infections
197
What is observed during Cercarial dermatitis?
Rash
198
What are the 2 ways in which the rash could be seen as?
Papular
| Urticarial
199
Which site is the rash seen at?
Cercariae
200
Describe cercariae
Penetrating
201
What are the 4 conditions caused which show how affected the lower urinary tract is?
Dysuria
Terminal haematuria
Frequent micturition
Cystitis
202
Define haematuria
Blood in urine
203
What is accompanied by Cystitis?
A secondary infection
204
What are the 2 organs which their infection is accompanied by Cystitis?
Ureters
| Kidney
205
What are the 2 types of schistosomiasis diagnosis?
Clinical
| Laboratory
206
How is schistosomiasis clinically diagnosed by? (2 points)
Signs
| Symptoms
207
What are the 5 laboratory examinations?
```
Urine
Blood
X-ray
Ultrasonography
Serological tests
```
208
What is urine examined for?
S. haematobium eggs
209
What is blood examined for?
| 3 points
Anaemia
Leucocytosis
Eosinophilia
210
What level of Eosinophilia is examined?
High
211
What condition uses Serological tests?
Bilharziasis
212
What 2 types of Bilharziasis use Serological tests?
Urinary
| Intestinal
213
Which 2 cases of Bilharziasis use Serological tests?
Late
| Chronic
214
What are the 3 types of Serological tests used in the laboratory diagnosis of schistosomiasis?
ELISA
I.F.A.T
I.H.A.T
215
Describe the 3 Serological tests
| 2 points
Sensitive
| Specific
216
Where is Schistosoma mansoni geographically distributed?
| 3 points
Africa
Nile Delta
Upper Egypt
217
What is the disease caused by Schistosoma mansoni?
Intestinal schistosomiasis
218
What is the habitat of Schistosoma mansoni?
Vein
219
Where exactly is Schistosoma mansoni found in veins?
Plexus
220
What is the 2 definitive hosts?
Human
| Monkeys
221
What is the Intermediate host?
Biomphalaria alexandrina
222
What is the infective stage?
Furcucercous cercaria
223
What does the human come in contact with for the infection to be transmitted?
Infected water
224
During what times would the human come in contact with infected water?
(2 points)
Swimming
| Washing
225
What is the action taken by Schistosoma haematobium in order to be transmit the infection?
Penetration
226
What does Schistosoma haematobium penetrate? (2 points)
Skin
| Buccal mucosa
227
What exactly penetrates buccal mucosa?
Cercaria
228
What is the diagnostic stage?
Egg
229
Where is the egg present in?
Stool
230
What is the size of the egg?
150 x 60 μm
231
What is the shape of the egg?
Oval
232
What does the egg have?
A spine
233
Describe the location of the egg spine
Lateral
234
Describe the thickness of the egg
Thin
235
Describe the colour egg
Colourless
236
What is inside the egg?
Fully formed miracidium
237
What are seen in the morphology of the Male egg? (2 points)
Testes
| Caeca
238
What is the range number of testes in the male egg?
6-9
239
How is the testes occur in?
Clusters
240
How does the Caeca unite?
Anteriorly
241
What is the range number of Female eggs?2
2-3
242
What are seen in the morphology of the Female egg? (2 points)
Ovary
| Uterus
243
Describe the location of the ovary
Anterior
244
Describe the length of the uterus
Short
245
What is the life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni? (8 points)
```
Eggs
Water
Miracidium
Sporocysts
Daughter sporocysts
Cercariae
Human being
Adult worm
```
246
Describe the water that the eggs lay on?
Fresh
247
What is the main pathological cause in schistosomiasis?
Egg
248
What are the clinical pictures of schistosomiasis? (2 points)
Cercarial dermatitis
| Large intestine
249
What is observed during Cercarial dermatitis?
Rash
250
What are the 2 ways in which the rash could be seen as?
Papular
| Urticarial
251
Which site is the rash seen at?
Cercariae
252
Describe cercariae
Penetrating
253
What are the 2 conditions caused which show how affected the large intestine is?
Bilharzial dysentery
| Hepato-splenomegaly
254
Describe Bilharzial dysentery
Stool mixed with:
Blood
Mucous
255
What causes Bilharzial dysentery?
Mucosal ulceration
256
What is accompanied by Bilharzial dysentery?
| 2 points
Tenesmus
| Diarrhea
257
What causes Hepato-splenomegaly?
Egg deposition
258
Where are eggs deposit in?
Liver
259
What does Hepato-splenomegaly cause?
| 2 points
Hepatic enlargement
| Later fibrosis
260
What conditions do hepatic enlargement and later fibrosis result in?
Portal hypertension
Splenic enlargement
Ascitis
Oesophageal varices
261
What is accompanied by Oesophageal varices?
Haematemesis
262
What are the 2 clinical diagnosis of schistosomiasis?
Signs
| Symptoms
263
What are the 5 laboratory diagnosis for schistosomiasis?
```
Stool
Blood
X-ray
Serological tests
Ultrasonography
```
264
What is stool examined for?
S. mansoni eggs
265
What is blood examined for?
| 3 points
Anaemia
Leucocytosis
Eosinophilia
266
What level of Eosinophilia is examined?
High
267
What condition uses Serological tests?
Bilharziasis
268
What 2 types of Bilharziasis use Serological tests?
Urinary
| Intestinal
269
Which 2 cases of Bilharziasis use Serological tests?
Late
| Chronic
270
Describe the 3 Serological tests
| 2 points
Sensitive
| Specific
271
Why are Serological tests methods are used in late or chronic cases of both urinary and intestinal bilharziasis?
Because of fibrosis action on ova
272
Which Fibrosis affects ova?
Of affected organs
273
Describe this Fibrosis (2 points)
Severe
| Massive
274
What kind of action is generated by Fibrosis on ova?
Prevention
275
What does Fibrosis prevent ova from doing?
Reaching excreta
276
Define excreta
Closed lesions
277
What are the 3 types of Serological tests used in the laboratory diagnosis of schistosomiasis?
ELISA
I.F.A.T
I.H.A.T
278
Why are Serological tests methods are used in late or chronic cases of both urinary and intestinal bilharziasis?
Because of Fibrosis action on ova
279
What treatment is given for schistosomiasis?
PraziquanteI
280
What is the type of PraziquanteI used to treat schistosomiasis?
Biltricide
281
What are the 2 forms of PraziquanteI that can be taken as?
Tablet
| Dose
282
What unit is used for the tablet?
mg/tablet
283
What is the proper mg/tablet used for PraziquanteI?
600
284
Which 2 bacteria is PraziquanteI effective against?
S.haematobium
| S. mansoni
285
What is the unit used for the dose?
mg/kg
286
What is the proper mg/kg used for the dose?
40
287
How is the dose taken?
Orally
288
How many times is the dose taken?
Once
289
How to control schistosomiasis?
| 3 points
Health education
Safe water supply
Snail control
290
How to control schistosomiasis through health education?
Instructing individuals to dry their bodies immediately
291
When should individuals dry their bodies immediately?
After contact with infected water
292
What must be done with the water supply?
Storage
293
For how long should the water supply be stored?
48 hours
294
What is done with the water supply?
| 3 points
Filtration
Chlorination
Heating/boiling
295
What is the result of these actions?
Cercariae killed
296
What condition be caused by a snail?
Molluscum
297
What are the 3 ways in which snails are controlled?
Physically
Biologically
Chemically
298
What 2 actions are considered when physically controlling snail?
Elimination
| Collection
299
What is eliminated?
Aquatic plants
300
What is collected?
Snails
301
What is used to biologically control snails?
Natural enemies
302
What is an example of the natural enemies of the snails?
Fish
303
What is used to chemically control snails?
Molluscicides
304
Give 2 examples of molluscicides
Copper sulphate
| Bayluscide
305
Which parasite is used in the transmission of Cercarial Dermatitis?
Schistosome cercariae of non-human species
306
How does this species of Schistosome cercariae transmit Cercarial Dermatitis by?
Penetration
307
What does this species of Schistosome cercariae penetrate?
Human’s skin
308
What is not penetrated by the this species of Schistosome cercariae?
Germinal layer
309
What are the clinical pictures of Cercarial Dermatitis? (3 points)
Itching
Dermatitis
Secondary infection
310
What is the secondary infection caused?
Pustules
311
What is the diagnosis of Cercarial Dermatitis?
Historical diagnosis
312
Which history is considered in the diagnosis?
| 2 points
Canal water contact
| Skin rash
313
What 2 treatments given for Cercarial Dermatitis’s 2ry infection?
Antihistaminic
| Antibiotics
314
What are the 2 types of antibiotics given to treat Cercarial Dermatitis’s 2ry infection?
Local
| Systemic
315
How to control Cercarial Dermatitis?
| 3 points
Snail control
Polluted water avoidance
Dry skin immediately after leaving water
316
Why should the skin be dried immediately after leaving water?
To prevent cercarial penetration
317
Describe Cestoda
Tapeworms
318
What is Cestoda known as?
Tapeworms
319
What does Cestoda look like?
Ribbon
320
Describe Cestodal body
Flat
| Segmented
321
What are the 3 segments of Cestodal body?
Solex/head
Neck
Segments/proglottids
322
What does scolex/head has?
4 suckers
323
Define suckers
Fixation organs
324
Describe the neck region
Active
325
What are the segments/proglottids differentiated into? (3 points)
Immature
Mature
Gravid
326
Which segment is the nearest to the neck?
Immature
327
Describe the Cestodal reproductive system
Hermaphrodites
328
What are the 4 classifications of Cestoda that infects humans?
Taenia saginata
Taenia solium
Echinococcus granulosus
Hymenolepis nana
329
What is Taenia saginata known as?
Beef Tapeworm
330
Where is Taenia saginata geographically distributed?
Cosmopolitan
331
What is disease is caused by Taenia saginata?
Taeniasis saginata
332
What is the habitat of Taenia saginata?
Small intestine
333
What is the Definitive host?
Human
334
What is the Intermediate host?
Cattle
335
What is the Infective stage?
Cysticercus bovis
336
What does human ingest in order for Taeniasis saginata to be transmitted 𝐚𝐬 𝐂𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐬 𝐛𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐬 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧?
(2 points)
Beef
337
Describe this beef (2 points)
Raw
| Improperly cooked
338
What are the diagnostic stages?
Egg
| Gravid segments
339
What is the size of the egg?
30-42 μm
340
What is the shape of the egg? (2 points)
Spherical
| Striated
341
Describe the thickness of the egg
Thick
342
What is the colour of the egg?
Yellowish brown
343
What is inside this egg?
Hexacanth embryo
344
What are seen in the morphology of the egg? (points)
Worm
Scolex
2 segments
345
Describe the worm seen
Adult
346
What is the length range of the adult worm?
5-10 meters
347
How many sucker does the Solex have?
4
348
Due to the 4 suckers that the Solex have, what is it known as?
Quadrate
349
What is the shape of these suckers?
Circular
350
What are the 2 features that suckers lack?
Rostellum
| Hooks
351
What are the 2 segments that are seen?
Mature
| Gravid
352
Describe the mature segment
Squarish
353
What does the mature segment contains? (2 points)
Ovary
| Testes
354
Describe the ovary
Bilobed
355
How is the ovary located?
Posteriorly
356
Describe the amount of Tests
Numerous
357
Describe Gravid segment’s length and width dimensions
Longer than broad
358
What fills the Gravis segment?
Uterus
359
What is the life cycle of Taenia saginata?
| 5 points
```
Cattle
Cysticercus bovis
Human
Small intestine
Adult
```
360
What is cattle’s purpose in the life cycle?
Ingests eggs
361
What are the clinical picture of Taeniasis saginata? (7 points)
```
Asymptomatic
Abdominal colic
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Segments passage
Intestinal obstruction
Appendicitis
```
362
What are passed in accompany with segments?
Feces
363
What causes Intestinal obstruction?
Rolled mass of worms
364
What is the diagnosis of Taeniasis saginata?
Stool examination
365
What is stool examined for? (2 points)
Eggs
| Gravid segments
366
What are the 2 treatments used for Taenia saginata?
Praziquantel
| Niclosamide
367
Which type of PraziquanteI is used to treat Taenia saginata?
Any type
368
What unit is used for the drug?
mg/kg
369
What is the range of mg/kg used for Praziquantel?
5-10
370
How many times is the drug taken?
Once
371
What form is Niclosamide taken as?
Tablets
372
Which type of Niclosamide is used to treat Taenia saginata?
Yomesan
373
What unit is used for the tablet?
gm
374
What is the proper gm used for the tablet?
2
375
How many times is the tablet taken?
Once
376
When is this tablet taken?
After breakfast
377
What must be followed by the tablet 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐭 𝐰𝐞𝐥𝐥?
Saline purge
378
When should the Saline purge be taken?
After taking Niclosamide by 2-3 hours
379
How to prevent and control Taenia saginata? (4 points)
Health education
Meat proper cooking
Infected persons treatment
Proper meat inspection at slaughter houses.
380
What is Taenia solium known as?
Pork tapeworm
381
Where is Taenia solium geographically distributed?
Cosmopolitan wherever pork/pork products are eaten
382
What is the disease caused by Taenia solium?
Taeniasis solium
383
What is the habitat of Taenia solium?
Small intestine
384
What is the definitive host?
Human
385
What is the Intermediate host?
Pig
386
What is the infective stage?
Cysticercus cellulosae
387
Through what mode is Taenia solium transmitted to human?
Ingestion
388
What does human ingest in order for Taeniasis solium to be transmitted 𝐚𝐬
𝐓𝐚𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐚 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧?
Pigs meat
389
Describe the pigs meat?
Insufficiently cooked
390
What is the diagnostic stage and morphology of Taenia solium similar to?
Taenia saginata
391
How is Taenia solium’s length different from Taenia saginata’s?
Shorter
392
How long is Taenia solium?
4 meters
393
Describe the shape of the Solex of Taenia solium
Globular
394
What does this Solex contain?
Protruded rostellum
395
How many branches do Gravid segments have?
7-11
396
Describe the position of these branches
Lateral
397
Describe these branches
Uterine
398
What is the life cycle of Taenia solium?
| 5 points
```
Pigs
Cysticercus bovis
Human ingests raw pork
Small intestine
Adult
```
399
What is the pig’s purpose in the life cycle?
Ingests egg
400
What is the clinical picture of Taeniasis solium? (3 points)
Abdominal symptoms
Malnutrition
Cysticercosis
401
What are the abdominal symptoms?
| 3 points
Colics
Diarrhea
Vomiting
402
Define Cysticercosis
Disease
403
Describe Cysticercosis
Severe
404
Which stage produces Cysticercosis?
Larval
405
Define Cysticercosis
Cysticercus cellulosae presence
406
Where is Cysticercus cellulosae present in? (3 points)
Muscles
Subcutaneous tissues
Brain
407
What does Cysticercosis cause around Cysticercus cellulosae?
Inflammatory reaction
408
What are the diagnosis methods for Taeniasis solium? (3 points)
Clinical
Laboratory
Stool examination
409
What are the 2 clinical diagnosis of Taeniasis solium?
Symptoms
| Signs
410
What is stool examined for? (2 points)
Eggs
| Gravid segments
411
What is the treatment used for Taenia saginata?
Praziquantel
412
Which type of PraziquanteI is used to treat Taenia saginata?
Any type
413
What unit is used for the drug?
mg/kg
414
What is the range of mg/kg used for Praziquantel?
5-10
415
How many times is the drug taken?
Once
416
What is the drug which is contraindicated in Taenia solium?
Niclosamide (Yomesan)
417
What is the action taken by Niclosamide (Yomesan) that makes it contraindicated in Taenia solium?
Disintegration
418
What does Niclosamide (Yomesan) disintegrate?
Gravid segments
419
As a result of gravid segments disintegration, what is released?
Many eggs
420
As a result of gravid segments disintegration, what is increased?
Cysticercosis risk
421
What action takes place in Cysticercosis?
Invasion
422
What is invaded during Cysticercosis?
Human tissues
423
Which parasite invades Cysticercosis?
Taenia solium
424
Which stage of Taenia solium invades human tissues during Cysticercosis?
Larval/Infective
425
What does the human act as?
Blind intermediate host
426
What modes of transmission in which Cysticercosis is transmitted to human?
(3 points)
Ingestion
Auto-infection
Infected food handlers
427
What does human ingest in order for Cysticercosis to be transmitted 𝐚𝐬 𝐢𝐭 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐚𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐚 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐞𝐠𝐠𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧?
(2 points)
Raw vegetables
| Water
428
What is this water contaminated by?
Infected feces
429
What are the 2 types of Auto-infection?
Internal
| External
430
What is an example of internal auto-infection?
Retro-infection
431
What causes Internal auto-infection?
Eggs regurgitation
432
What causes the release of these eggs?
Gravid segment disintegration
433
Where are these eggs release in?
Stomach
434
What causes this regurgitation?
Anti-peristalsis
435
What is an example of external auto-infection?
Hand to mouth
436
What can Infected food handlers have an effect on?
Eggs
437
What is the action of Infected food handlers on eggs?
Dissemination
438
What are the clinical signs depend on in the clinical picture of Cysticercosis?
Cyst location
439
Where is the cyst located in?
Muscles
| Subcutaneous tissue
440
Which organs’ muscles and subcutaneous tissue is where Cyst located in?
Vital organs
441
What are the 3 ways in which Cysticercosis is diagnosed?
Clinical
Laboratory
Imaging techniques
442
What is used in the clinical diagnosis?
History
443
What condition is the suggestive history especially used in?
Taenia solium intestinal infection
444
What are the 3 methods of laboratory diagnosis?
Direct
Indirect
Blood picture
445
Describe the direct laboratory diagnosis
Microscopic examination
446
What is microscopically examined?
Biopsy
447
Where can this biopsy be taken from?
| 2 points
Skin
| Muscle
448
Describe the time when the biopsy is microscopically examined
Post-operative
449
What are the 3 indirect laboratory diagnosis?
ELISA
IHT
IFT
450
What is Hymenolepis nana known as?
Dwarf tapeworm
451
Describe the geographical distribution of Hymenolepis nana
Cosmopolitan
452
Which climates are Hymenolepis nana more common in?
Warm
453
Which country is this Hymenolepis nana the most common cestoda in?
Egypt
454
What disease is caused by Hymenolepis nana?
Hymenolepiasis nana
455
What is the habitat of Hymenolepis nana?
Human
456
Where exactly is the habitat of Hymenolepis nana in a human?
Small intestine
457
What especially has Hymenolepis nana habituated in them?
Children
458
What is the definitive host of Hymenolepis nana?
Human
459
What especially is the definitive host of Hymenolepis nana?
Children
460
What is the infective stage?
Egg
461
Through what 2 modes is Hymenolepis nana transmitted to humans?
Ingestion
| Auto-infection
462
Where is the egg found in causing infection to human? (2 points)
Food
| Drink
463
Describe the food and water
Contaminated
464
Where is this egg then found in?
Stool
465
What is the diagnostic stage of Hymenolepis nana?
Egg
466
What unit is used to measure this egg?
Microns
467
What is the size of this egg?
40 microns
468
What is the shape of this egg?
Spherical
469
Describe the wall of this egg
Doubled
470
What is contained within the shell of this egg?
| 2 points
Thickening
| Filaments
471
Describe the thickening and the filaments
Polar
472
Which shell are the polar thickening found in?
Inner
473
How many polar thickening are found in the inner shell of this egg?
2
474
Which shells are the polar filaments found in?
Between the inner and the outer
475
What is the number range of polar filaments found between the outer and the inner shells of this egg?
4-8
476
Describe the color of this egg
Transcend
477
What is does this egg contain?
Embryo
478
What is the name of the embryo in which this egg contain?
Hexacanth
479
Describe this egg once formed
Directly infective
480
What 2 unit are used to measure the Hymenolepis nana?
cm
| mm
481
What is the size of the smallest Hymenolepis nana tapeworm in human?
2-4cm x 1mm
482
What are the morphological features of the Hymenolepis nana?
Scolex
| 2 Segments
483
What are the 2 segments of the Hymenolepis nana?
Mature
| Gravid
484
What is the scolex provided with?
Rostellum
485
What does this rostellum have?
Hooks
486
Describe the occurrence of these hooks
Row
487
How many rows of hooks are in the scolex?
One
488
Describe the dimensions of the mature segment
Broader than long
489
What does the gravid segment contain?
Uterus
490
What does this uterus looks like?
A sac
491
What is this sac filled with?
Eggs
492
What is the lifecycle of the Hymenolepis nana?
Egg in stool
Eggs ingestion
Re-enter
Adult
493
Where do these eggs re-enter into?
Intestinal lumen
494
What is the clinical picture of Hymenolepiasis?
Infection
495
What are these 2 infections?
Light
| Heavy
496
Describe the light infection
Asymptomatic
497
What are 4 symptoms of the heavy infection?
Headache
Anorexia
Vomiting
Diarrhea
498
What are the 2 diagnosis of Hymenolepiasis?
Clinical
| Laboratory
499
What is the clinical diagnosis of Hymenolepiasis?
Suggestive clinical picture
500
What is the laboratory diagnosis of Hymenolepiasis?
Stool examination
501
What is the stool examined for?
Egg
502
What is the treatment used for Hymenolepiasis?
Praziquantel
503
What is the unit used for this drug?
mg/kg
504
What is the proper mg/kg used for Praziquantel?
25
505
What should be done due to the directly infective egg?
Treat all family members
506
How to prevent and control Hymenolepiasis?
| 3 points
Health education
Personal hygiene
Avoid contaminated food or drink
Mass treatment
