Introduction

Question 1

Long term response of animals to their environment. (2 types)

Answer 1

• Biotic (relating to other organisms)
• Abiotic (Physical)

Question 2

Abiotic factors (2)

Answer 2

• climate change
• Whip tail lizard warming itself in the sun

Question 3

Dispersal

Answer 3

the permanent movement of an animal away from it’s home range

Question 4

Biotic factors (3)

Answer 4

• Lion chasing gazelle - Rhinocerus beetles fighting - presence of humans

Question 5

Army ants have strict social hierarchies.

Answer 5

• queen - soldiers - workers - winged males(don’t work for the colony just fertilise females)

Question 6

sequential hermaphrodites

Answer 6

one individual can change from producing female to male gametes, or vice versa (in other species)

Question 7

What determines the change in sex? (4)

Answer 7

• sex determination depends on social circumstances - Bluehead wrasse - reared alone - all become female - Live in a group -one becomes male - Protogyny

Question 8

Clownfish are ….. ?

Answer 8

protandrous

Question 9

protandrous

Answer 9

Start as male -> can change later to a female if there is no breeding female in a group

Question 10

Trait / Phenotypic trait

Answer 10

an observable characteristic of an organism

Question 11

Traits (4)

Answer 11

• Behavioural Traits (clearner / non-cleaner/ dominant / subordinate) - Morphological traits (blue headed/ yellow headed / large / small) - Physiological traits (gene expression) - life history traits (timing of breeding)

Question 12

How do traits evolve? Natural selection happens when: (4)

Answer 12

• there is variation among individuals in a trait - when differences in the trait are related to differences in fitness - Fitness is a measure of how successful an individual is at transmitting its genes to the next genereation - Evolution results from natural selection when the trait is genetically transmissable (has heritability)

Question 13

What does it mean if an animal has fitness 0?

Answer 13

The animal doesn’t reproduce

Question 14

The plot of phenotypes in parents and offspring is used to measure heritability h^2. What are the limitations?

Answer 14

Similarity can also be caused by: - growing up in the same place - parental care - learning

Question 15

What does h^2 = 0 mean?

Answer 15

can’t measure heritability

Question 16

Selection usually varies how? (2)

Answer 16

• Spatially - Temporally

Question 17

Frequency dependent selection

Answer 17

A & B are two color types in a population Many A’s profit B Many B’s profit A

Question 18

What leads to faster evolution?

Answer 18

Stronger selection. s = 0.05 (fast) s = 0.01 (slow)

Question 19

Evolution results when there is a correlation between what: (2)

Answer 19

• a correlation between phenotypes of parents and offspring - a correlation between the phenotypes of parents and their fitness

Question 20

Modes of natural selection and explain them: (3)

Answer 20

• Directional selection
• Diversifying selection
• Stabilizing selection

Question 21

Genotype by environment (G X E) interactions

Answer 21