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Sociology > Introducing Sociology > Flashcards

Introducing Sociology Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is ‘Social structure’

A

Refers to the social institutions and social relationships that form the building blocks of society.

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2
Q

What are ‘Social Institutions’

A

The various organise social arrangements which are found in all societies.

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3
Q

What is ‘Objectivity’?

A

When a researcher is unbiased and take on the research with an open mind.

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4
Q

What is ‘Value Freedom’?

A

When a researcher doesn’t allow the own prejudices and beliefs influence the way to carry out their research

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5
Q

What are ‘roles’?

A

Patterns of behaviour expected from individuals in society

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6
Q

What is ‘Identity’?

A

How individuals see and find themselves and how other people define them.

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7
Q

What is ‘culture’?

A

refers to the language, beliefs, values, dresses and way of life in any society

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8
Q

What is ‘socialization’?

A

The lifelong process of learning the culture of any society

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9
Q

What are ‘role models’?

A

Peoples patterns of behaviour which of others model their own behaviour on

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10
Q

What are ‘laws’?

A

Legal rules in force by the government and punishment will be given if broken

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11
Q

What are ‘norms’?

A

social rules which define the correct and acceptable behaviour in a society which people are expected to conform to

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12
Q

What are ‘values’?

A

The general beliefs of what is right or wrong

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13
Q

What is ‘role conflict’?

Give an example.

A

When two more social roles overlap and are incompatible; because the performance of one role interferes with the performance of another

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14
Q

What are ‘customs’?

A

Norms which have lasted for a long time and have become a part of society’s traditions.

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15
Q

What is ‘social control’?

A

The methods used to persuade/force individuals to conform to the dominant social norms and values

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16
Q

What is ‘deviance’?

A

A failure to conform to social norms

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17
Q

What are ‘sanctions’?

A

Rewards and punishments, by which social control is achieved in conformity to norms and values and forced

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18
Q

What is ‘social class’?

A

A group of people who share a similar economic situation

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19
Q

What is ‘income’?

A

The flow of money, which people obtain from work or investments

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20
Q

What is ‘wealth’?

A

Is property in the form of assets which can be sold and turned into cash for the benefit of the owner

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21
Q

What is ‘life chances’?

A

The opportunities, each individual has to improve the quality of life.

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22
Q

What is ‘social mobility’?

A

The movement of groups or individuals up or down the social hierarchy or social classes

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23
Q

What is ‘the upper class’?

A

Those who are the main owners of societies, wealth

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24
Q

What is ‘middle class’?

A

Those in non-manual work, such as office, work or computer work

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25
Q

What is ‘working class’?

A

Those in manual work jobs such as factory or labour work

26
Q

What is ‘the underclass’?

A

Those at the bottom of the social class hierarchy and excluded from the rest of society

27
Q

What is ‘status’?

A

The role/position someone occupies in society; the social importance a person has in the eyes of others in society

28
Q

what is ‘Ascribed Status’?

Give an example.

A

The status someone was born with, ie; skin colour, sex, ethnicity

29
Q

what is ‘Achieved Status’?

A

Status which has been achieved through ones own merit

30
Q

what is ‘Structuralism’?

A

A perspective which is concerned with the overall structure of society and sees individual behaviour moulded by social institutions

31
Q

what is ‘Macro Approach’?

A

Focuses on the large scale structure of society rather than on individuals

32
Q

what is ‘Functionalism’?

A

A sociological perspective which sees society made up of parts which work together to maintain society: similar to how organs work together to make the body function

33
Q

what are ‘Functional Prerequisites’?

Give 3 examples.

A

Basic needs for society to survive, i.e; food and water, shelter, socialisation of the young

34
Q

what is ‘Value Consensus’?

A

The general agreement around values and norms in society

35
Q

What is ‘Marxism’?

A

A structural theory which sees society divided by two conflicting social groups; the bourgeoise and the proletariat

36
Q

what are ‘the means of production’?

and who owns them?

A

the key resources necessary for producing society’s goods.

Owned by the Bourgeoisie

37
Q

what are ‘the relations of production’?

A

Forms of relationship between those involved in production

38
Q

what is an ‘ideology’?

A

A set of ideas, values and beliefs that represent the outlook of a social group and justifies the interests of that group

39
Q

what is ‘surplus value’?

A

Surplus value is defined by Marx as the difference between the value that living labour creates in production and value paid by the capitalist to the worker in the form of wages.

40
Q

What are the ‘Bourgeoisie/Capitalists’?

A

The owners of means of production, their primary focus is to make profits

41
Q

what is ‘proletariat’?

A

Social class of worker who work for wages as they do not own means of production

42
Q

what is ‘LAbour Power’?

A

People capacity to work and sell their labour power in return for a wage

43
Q

what is ‘Class Conflict’?

A

the conflict that arises between different social classes.

44
Q

what is ‘Ruling class/ Dominant ideology’?

A

The set of ideas and beliefs held by the most powerful groups in society, which can influence the ideas of society

45
Q

what is ‘False Class Consciousness’?

A

A failure by members of a social class to recognise their real interests

46
Q

what is ‘Communism’?

A

An equal society without social classes, and the means of production are common property of all

47
Q

what is ‘Social Action Theories or interpretivists’?

A

Perspectives which emphasize the action people can take, rather than being passive victims of societal forces around them.

48
Q

what is ‘Determinism’?

A

The idea that people’s behaviour is moulded by their social surroundings and they have little free will, control and choice over how they behave

49
Q

what is ‘Micro Approach’?

A

Focuses on a small groups or individuals in society, rather than focusing on society as a whole

50
Q

what is ‘interactionalism’?

A

A sociological perspective which is concerned with understanding human behaviour in face to face situations and how individuals come to be defined by how they interact with other

51
Q

what is ‘Labelling’?

A

Defining a person or a group in a certain way

52
Q

what is ‘Structuration’?

A

An approach between structuralism and social action theory, which suggests that while people are constrained by social institutions, they also have the free choice and take action to support or change those institutions

53
Q

what is ‘Feminism’?

A

examining the world from the point of view of women, who are seen as disadvantaged and devalued in society

54
Q

What are Marxist, Radical and Liberal feminists?

A

Marxist feminists believe women are doubly exploited as workers and as women

Radical feminists focus on the problem that society is a patriarchy

Liberal feminists believe with the change of laws, women can reach equality

55
Q

what is patriarchy’?

A

A system in which all parts of society are dominated by men

56
Q

what is ‘post modernism’?

A

An approach which stresses society is rapidly changing so much that society is fragmented into many different groups, interests, lifestyles and essentially society cannot be defined

57
Q

what is ‘Metanarritive’?

A

A big theory which explains how society operates

58
Q

what is a ‘Social Problem’?

A

Something that is seen as being harmful to society in some way

59
Q

what is a ‘sociological problem’?

A

any social issue that needs explaining

60
Q

what is ‘Social Policy’?

A

the plans adopted by the government to solve social problems

Sociology (7 decks)

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