Introcution To Anatomy Flashcards
Classification of joints
Joint -
The two general categories -
Joints are sites where two skeletal elements come together
General categories:
Skeletal - elements separated by a cavity eg synovial joints
No cavity - components are held together by connective tissue eg solid joints
Synovial joint -
Solid joint -
Synovial - connections between skeletal components where elements are separated by narrow articular cavity.
Solid - connections between skeletal elements. Adjacent surfaces are linked by fibrous connective tissue/by cartilage. Restricted movement.
Characteristics of a synovial joint -
Cartilage layer ( usually hyaline ) covers articulating surfaces. Therefore bony surfaces do not normally make direct contact. On radiograph, wide gap will appear between adjacent bones.
Presence of joint capsule consists of inner synovial membrane and outer fibrous membrane.
It is common, but NOT universal that articular discs, fat pads and tendons may be present.
Shapes and movements of synovial joints:
Plane (flat) -
Hinge -
Pivot -
Plane - sliding/gliding movements. Bone moves across surface of another
Hinge - allow movement around one axis that passes transversely through the joint. Permit flexion and extension.
Pivot - movement around one axis that passes longitudinally along bone shaft
Shapes and movements of synovial joints:
Bicondylar -
Condylar -
Saddle -
Ball and socket -
Bicondylar - movement is one axis with limited rotation and 2nd axis formed by two convex condyles eg knee joint
Condylar - (ellipsiod) movement around two axis that are right angles to each other. Eg wrist joint
Saddle joint - movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other, articular surfaces saddle shaped. Eg thumb joint
Ball and socket - movement around multiple axis eg hip
Solid joint:
Fibrous joints include:
Sutures -
Gomphases -
Syndesmoses -
Sutures - only in skull where adjacent bones are linked by thin layer of connective tissue. Sutures ligament
Gomphases - only between teeth and adjacent bone. Horst collagen tissue fibres run between root of tooth and bony socket.
Syndesmoses - (most common) two adjacent bones linked by a ligament. Eg radius and ulna.
Solid joint;
Cartilaginous joints include:
Synchondroses -
Symphases -
Synchondroses - two ossification centres in a developing bone retina separated by a layer of cartilage. Joints allow bone growth and eventually will become completely ossified ( hardens )
Symphases - two separate bones are interconnected by cartilage. Most of these are in midline. Include pubic symphasis and intervertebral discs.
Types of movement at a joint
Physiological -
Accessory -
Physiological - voluntary sweeping movement of one body segment. Often change of angle between two bones eg flexion,extension,abduction,abduction
Accessory - involuntary small gliding adjustments between joint surfaces to facilitate smooth and full movement. Eg spin,roll,glide,slide
Factors limiting movement:
Tension in ligaments
Tension in antagonist muscle
Approximation of soft tissue or bony parts
Closed pack positions - joint surfaces approach full congruence (best fit). Joint said to be in ‘close pack’. Joint structures tensioned.
Muscle intro:
The three types -
Three types of fibres -
Cardiac smooth and skeletal (skeletal is 1/3 of body weight)
Slow oxidative - type I
Fast oxidative - type IIa
Fast glycolytic - type IIb
Functions of skeletal muscles:
Produce movement and locomotion
Stabilise joints and limit movement
Produce body heat
Maintain posture
Store carbs - glycogen
Protect and support viscera
Give body contour
Muscle roles
Agonist/prime mover -
Antagonist -
Agonist - responsible for movement
Antagonist - movement opposing that of agonist
Muscle roles
Fixator -
Synergist -
Fixator - steadies the base. Stabilises proximal attachment of the agonist
Synergist - improves quality and control by preventing unwanted movement in the adjacent joints.
Muscle work
Isometric contraction -
Isotonic contraction and the two types -
Isometric - increase in tension, no length change. Therefore no movement produced
Isotonic - increase in tension which changes muscle length so movement is produced
Concentric - muscle shortens
Eccentric - muscle lengthens
What does muscle insufficiency relate to?
Types:
Active insufficiency -
Passive insufficiency -
Only relates to muscles that pass over more than one joint eg hamstring
Active - muscle, passes over two joints can not actively shorten sufficiently enough to produce full range of movement at both joints (agonist)
Passive - muscle, passes over two joints can’t be passively lengthened enough to allow full range of movement at both joints (antagonist)
What are the sub groups that the Skeleotn is divided into?
Axial - middle part of body - cranium,vertebral column,ribs,sternum
Appendicular - arms and legs
What is the anatomical position ?
Standard reference position of the body used to describe the location of structures.
Stood upright, feet together, hands by side and face forward. Mouth closed and neutral facial expression, toes forward.
Palms face forward and straight fingers
Anatomical planes:
List and describe all three -
Coronal/frontal- orientated vertically (side-side). Divides body into anterior and posterior
Sagittal - orientated vertically but are at right angles to coronal plane. Runs from front to back and divides body/any of its parts into right and left. Median divides body not equal parts.
Transverse/horizontal - from side-side or front to back. Divides body/any of its parts into superior and inferior portions.
Plane of movement -
Axis of movement -
Plane - imaginary surface over which the mobile segment passes
Axis - imaginary point/line on the surface around which the movement occurs
*axis and plane are always at right angles to each other.
List the plane and axis pairs:
Sagittal plane and frontal axis eg flexion and extension
Frontal plane and sagittal axis eg abduction and adduction
Transverse plane and vertical axis eg medial/lateral rotation
Foot and ankle movements:
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Inversion
Eversion
Forearm wrist and hand movements -
Pronation - rotation hand, palm posterior
Supination - opposite rotation, palm anterior (anatomical position)
Ulna deviation - side movement of wrist/hands towards ulna (pinky side)
Radial deviation - same but towards radius
Opposition - only related to the thumb
Additional movements that can occur at the shoulder -
Protraction - shoulder movement forwards
Retraction - shoulder movement backwards
Elevation - shoulders up towards ears
Depression - downward shoulder movement
Overview of bone characteristics and their five main functions -
Calcified, living connecting tissue. Forms majority of skeleton. Consists of intercellular calcified matrix, which also contains collagen fibres and several types of cells within the matrix.
Main functions - supportive body structure
Protect vital organs
Reservoirs of calcium and phosphorus
Levers which muscles act on to produce movement
Containers for blood-producing cells
