Intro Vocab

Question 1

What is an endogenous signalling molecule?

Answer 1

Naturally produced inside the body

Question 2

What is an Exogenous 1 signalling molecule?

Answer 2

A naturally occurring molecule (plant based) such as apparent, morphine, antibiotics or anti cancer drugs

Question 3

What is an exogenous 2 rignalling molecule?

Answer 3

A synthetic (man made) molecule. There are thousands of these compounds.

Question 4

What are the characteristics of exocrine signalling molecules?

Answer 4

Secreted into blood stream
Highly potent (pico to nanomolar)
Take seconds to months
Subject to tight feedback control

Question 5

List 3 major types of endocrine signal molecules.

Answer 5

Hydrophilic 1=amines-AA derivatives,small charged hydrophilic with receptors in plasma membrane

Hydrophilic 2=peptides to proteins=short chain to many, receptors in plasma membrane s

Lipophilic=steroids, colon derivation from cholesterol, receptors are intracellular

Question 6

List the properties of catecholamines (signal molecules)

Answer 6

Hydrophilic
Regulated by feedback
Seconds = plasma half life
Milliseconds-seconds to act
Receptor in plasma membrane 
Cause change in membrane potential 
Trigger synth of cytosolic secondary messenger

Question 7

List the properties of peptides and proteins (as signal molecules)

Answer 7

Hydrophilic 
Feedback regulated
Minutes=plasma half life
Take minutes-hours to act
Receptors in plasma membrane 
Trigger synth of cytosolic second messengers 
Trigger protein kinase activity

Question 8

List the properties of steroids (as signal molecules)

Answer 8

Lipohilic
Feedback regulated 
Hours=plasma half life
Take hours-days to act
Receptors in cytosolic or nucleus 
A receptor-hormone complex controls transcription and stability of mRNA

Question 9

Describe features of paracrine signalling

Answer 9

Coupled from cell to cell (or cells in very nearby volume)
Released into extracellular environment
Include changes in receptor cells (specific behaviour or differnetiation)
Wide set of signalling molecules (eg neurotransmitters)

Question 10

List the 3 major groups of neurotransmitters and the one noted exception.

Answer 10

Major=amino acids, monamines and peptides

Exception-acetylcholine

Question 11

List some excitatory monoamines.

Answer 11

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Serotonin

Question 12

List an inhibitory monoamine.

Answer 12

Dopamine

Question 13

List some excitatory amino acids.

Answer 13

Glutamate

Question 14

List some inhibitory amino acids

Answer 14

Glycine

G-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)

Question 15

What are the targets for signaling molecules.

Answer 15

Receptors
Ion channels
Transporters
Enzymes

(RITE)

Question 16

What are the receptors for signaling molecules?

Answer 16

Kinase linked receptors
Ion channels (ligand gated)
Nuclear/intracellular
G-Protien coupled receptors

(KING)
(K(L)ING)