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Cell Physiology And Pharmacology > Connective And Adipose Tissue > Flashcards

Connective And Adipose Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main cell types found in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts
Chocndrocytes
Osteocytes/osteoblasts
Stem cells/progenitor cells/bone marrow/ bloood/ adipocyte

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2
Q

What er the main products of connective tissue?

A

Fibres
“Ground substance”
Wax and gel-like materials

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3
Q

What are the components of connective tissue?

A

Cells

The extracellular matrix=fibres + ground substance

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4
Q

What does ground substance contain?

A

Proteoglycans

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5
Q

What fibres are present in/made by connective tissue?

A

Collagen
Elastin
Reticular fibres

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6
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue? (Give examples)

A

Binding and supporting (hold skin,lung etc together)
Protecting (bone protect organ, fat as shock absorb)
Insulation (fat under skin, marrow holds warm blood)
Store reserve fuel + cells (marrow and fat)
Transport (blood and interstitial)
Separate tissues (fascia and tendons/cartilage)

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7
Q

What is loose connective tissue sometimes known as?

A

Areolar tissue

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8
Q

Give an example of loose connective tissue/

A

Lamina propria beneath mucosal membranes and abound the basal lamina

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9
Q

What is dense connective tissue sometimes known as?

A

Fibrous or collagenous tissue

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10
Q

What are the 2 type of dense connective tissue and what are the differences?

A

Irregular=fibres run in diff directions

Regular=fibres run parallel to each ther

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11
Q

Describe the structure of loose coercive tissue.

A

Multiple cell types=fibroblast, macrophages, white blood cells, mast cells and adipocytes

Contains 2 main fibres=collagen and elastic

Gel like ground substance

All cells + fibres lie in ground substance and are free to move around as they have room

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12
Q

What are the functions of loose connective tissues?

A 
Holds fluid-supplying vessels 
Permits cell migration 
Involved in inflammation pathways 
Act as packaging around organs 
Hold everything in place 
Cushion + stabilise organs
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13
Q

Where can loose connective tissue e found?

A

It’s widely distributed, under epithelial cell layers (such as lamina propria) and around glands. It surround capillaries, nerves and sinusoids.

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14
Q

What is a fibroblast and why is it important?

A

They synthesise and secrete the fibres that lie in the ground substance to make up the ECM.

They are key in the wound healing process and are primarily responsible for scar tissue formation

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15
Q

What is a myofibroblast and what is its purpose?

A

A modified form of fibroblast that contains ACtin and Myosin.

They are responsible for wound contraction once tissue loss has occurred.

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16
Q

What is a macrophage and what is its purpose?

A

Derived from blood monocytes, they move into connective tissue, esp in local inflammation.

They are phagocytise and degrade foreign organisms/cell debris
They C.N. present material to T lymphocytes

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17
Q

What are mast cells and what is their purpose?

A

Contain abundant granules
Histamine-increase blood vessel wall permeability
Heparin-anticoagulant (bleed out so macrophage reach injury site)
Cytokines-attract eosinophils and neutrophils

Found in loose connective near blood vessels but absent from CNS as inflammation can cause damage.

Coated with immunoglobulin, which bind allergens. When an allergen cross-links the surface bound immunoglobulin the contents of the granules are rapidly released.

18
Q

What form of adipocytes are present in loose connective tissue and what is their role?

A

Mainly white (single large droplet with nucleus, organelles and cytoplasm squeezed to one side)

Paddin, shock absorption, insulation and energy reserve

19
Q

Describe the structure and role of brown adipocytes ad where they can be found.

A

Multiple small lipid droplets, the nucleus, cytoplasm etc is in the middle

Provide insulation and energy reserve

Very few in an adult, mainly found around th organs of a newborn baby

20
Q

Compare the th number of mitochondria in white and brown adipose.

A

White-normal number

Brown-increased number

21
Q

Compare the breakdown of White and brown adipose tissues.

A

White-in adults lipid breakdown is slow, heat is only generated by the shivering reflex

Brown-in neonate and young children lipid breakdown is accelerated, oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled to generate heat. (Calories generated can double)

22
Q

List and describe the types of collagen present in our bodies connective tissues.

A

Type I = widely distributed, aggregate (as a 3 helix) into fibres and fibre bundles.(tendons, capsules, skin dermis)

Type II = do not form fibres. (elastic cartilage and hyalin)

Type III = form fibres around muscle and nerve cells, within lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs and in tendons (reticulin)

Type IV = unique from present tin basement membranes

23
Q

What fibres are present in all forms of connective tissue and what are there roles?

A

Collagen-flexible with high tensile strength

Elastin-allow tissues to recoil after stretch or distension

24
Q

What fibre is not present in loose connective tissue and what is its role in other tissues?

A

Reticular/reticulin- provides a supporting framework/sponge

25
Q

Why is connective tissue placed beneath the epithelium, neat epithelium of glands, and around small blood vessels?

A

As these are sites where pathogens can breach. They can then be challenged and destroyed by the immune system. During this reaction, loose connective tissue can undergo sig swelling as it has facility to return to original size,

26
Q

What is ground substance? What is it made from?

A

A viscous, clear substance-feels slippery (high H2O content)

Composed of proteoglycans (macromolecules with core protien to which 2 glycosaminoglycans or GAGs are covaently bound)
GAGs attract H2O to from hydrated gel-this allows rapid diffusion but resists compression.

27
Q

Give an example of a unique GAG and its location.

A 
Hyaluronic acid (bound to proteoglycans by link protein to form giant hydrophilic molecule)
Found in ground substance of cartilage.
28
Q

What is the structure of proteoglycans in ground substance? What is their relationship with water?

A

GAGs attached to core proteins.
These then attached to hyluronate

The sager moieties attract water making ground substance sticky and slippery.

29
Q

What does Irregular dense connective tissue’s structure mean for its function?

A

Because the fibres are densely [packed but irregularly oriented, Skin can resist forces in multiple directions to prevent tears

Elastin fibres allows degree of stretch and restoration to original shape after skin is bent/folded.

30
Q

Give an example of regular dense connective tissue.

A

In tendons that connect muscle to bones. All collagen bundles are Parallel and densely packed in line with the tensile force from the muscle.

(A row of elongated + flattened fibroblasts lie between collagen bundles)

31
Q

What is a myotendinous junction?

A

This is where skeletal muscle fibres connect with tendon collagen . They provide huge physiological strength

The collagen passes from tendon to muscle fibre, where it interacts with the collagen coating the muscle fibres. They cross link to give strength.

32
Q

Why can forces be transmitted along collagen bundles in tendons?

A

Because they can glide over one another

33
Q

What are tendons made from (use %).

A

30% collagen (70% collagen 1, 30% collagen 2)
2% elastin
68% water

34
Q

Describe (basics) of ligaments/

A

Similar to tendon
Connect bone to Bon
Parallel collagen fibres but undulating
Wrapped in loose connective tissue (fascicles)

35
Q

What is fascia?

A

A connective tissue with 3 types (superficial, deep and visceral or parietal)
Made of fibrous connective tissue with closely packed collagen fibre bundles, in a wavy pattern parrelel to direction of pull.

Is flexible and able to resist great unidirectional force until wavy pattern is stretched out.

36
Q

How are collagen fibrils produced?

A

Fibroblasts secrete procollagen, then converted to collagen OUTSIDE the cell. Then aggregate to form final fibrils.

In some tissues these fibrils then clump together again for strength.

37
Q

What is Vitamin C used for in collagen production?

A

Is required for the INTRACELLULAR production of pro-collagen (it hydrolates proline and lysine).

Without it collagen formation is distrusted, causing variety problems throughout body-scurvy

38
Q

What are some symptoms of Scurvy?

A

Gum disease
Bruised skin
Bleeding
Poor wound healing

39
Q

Why does the disruption to collagen production in scurvy not lead to the body falling apart completely?

A

As the thin collagen fibres that are present aggregate in some ares to form thicker ones.

40
Q

What is Marfan’s syndrome and what are some symptoms?

A

An autosomal dominant disorder, effects expression of Fibrillin 1 gene- abnormal elastic tissue

Sufferers are abnormally tall, show arachnodactyly (long fingers), have freq joint disclocation and an arm span greater than height.

They’re at risk of aortic rupture=death

41
Q

Summarise key info about elastin.

A

Primary component of elastic fibres.
Enfolds and is surrounded by fibrillin

Occurs in most connective tissues but at varying degree

Important in dermis, artery walls, lungs and elastic cartilage

Made of protiens Demsosine and isodesmosine (if found in urine=disease of elastic fibres)

42
Q

What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta? (Cause + symptoms/effects)

A

“Brittle bone disease”
Number of diff genetic aetiologies (most autosomal dominant)
Mild to severs
Due to mutated collagen fibres that don’t knit together or don’t produce enough or both

Result in-
Weak bones
Short stature (depends on type)
Blue sclera
Hearing loss
Hyper mobility and flat or arched feet
Poor teeth development

Cell Physiology And Pharmacology (16 decks)

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