Intro, Urine Studies, & CMP Flashcards
Presence of ketones could be from?
Metabolic abnormalities (DM, hyperthyroidism) Dietary conditions (vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, high fat/low carb diet)
Increased levels of Magnesium can be found in:
acute/chronic renal failure dehydration hypothyroidism Addison's disease Magnesium supplementation
Alkaline urine seen in:
Chronic renal failure
Diseases that would have hypersthenuria
DM
dehydration
CHF
Decreased levels of Magnesium can be found in:
hypercalcemia; diabetic acidosis; hemodialysis; chronic pancreatitis; chronic cirrhosis; chronic glomerulonephritis
Calcium is important for:
neuromuscular activity
blood coagulation
bone metabolism
maintaining functional integrity of cell membranes
What are reasons for increased total bilirubin?
bile duct obstruction cirrhosis of the liver hepatitis infectious mono chemotherapy malignancy of the liver or gallbladder
A cause of this could be patients who are post dialysis
Hypokalemia
Increased levels of blood phosphorous levels are most commonly found:
In association with kidney dysfunction
Symptoms of hypermagnesium
Weakness Nausea/vomiting Impaired breathing Hypotension Arrhythmias
Symptoms of hypomagnesium
Tetany
Involuntary contraction of muscles
What type of cast can be found in patients who were exposed to a toxin or virus?
Epithelial casts
This most commonly occurs with hypervolemia caused from diseases of the liver and kidney, like cirrhosis and chronic kidney disease
Hyponatremia
Calcium oxalate crystals can indicate
chronic renal failure; or be from high doses of ascorbic acid/Vitamin C
Liver functions:
protein synthesis; production of biochemicals; decomposition of RBCs; metabolize and store carbohydrates; hormone production; production of blood clotting factors; breakdown drugs, alcohol and other toxins
A 24 hour urine collection useful when looking at patients is?
Electrolyte balance Acid-base balance Total protein excretion Metabolism Imbalance Hormonal imbalance
Too much or too little sodium in the body leads to?
Cell malfunction and possibly cell death
Hypernatremia causes:
sodium overload from ingestion
intravenous infusion
hyperaldosteronism
Acidic urine may be seen in:
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory acidosis
UTI
People who are on diuretics can suffer from?
Hyponatremia
Most commonly caused by renal insufficiency, acute or chronic
Hyperkalemia
symptoms of liver damage include:
pale stools; dark urine; jaundice; swelling of the abdomen, ankles, and feet; excessive fatigue; bruising and easy bleeding
Hypercalcemia is associated with
Hypoparathyroidism
Malignancy (CA)
Vitamin D toxicity
3 types of crystals in patients with kidney stones?
Uric acid crystals
Crystine crystals
Calcium oxalate crystals
What type of cast is found in patients with pyelonephritis?
WBC cast
What type of cast indicates severe renal failure or nephrotic syndrome?
Waxy casts
What type of cast is found in nephrotic syndrome?
Fatty casts
What are the 4 most probably pathogens in a UTI?
E. coli–>most common
S. saprophyticus
P. aeruginosa
S. aureus
Reddish urine can be from?
hematuria; hemoglobinuria; myoglobin; menstrual contamination; certain medications; consumption of foods (beets, rhubarb and food dyes)
sodium levels of >160 can lead to?
Heart failure
Casts are made of?
WBCs, RBCS OR
kidney cells and proteins secreted from the renal tubule
What type of cast is found in glomerulonephritis?
RBC cast
What type of cast indicates acute tubular necrosis?
Granular casts
Green urine can be from?
Pseudomonal infection
Bilirubin
Medications
Increased cellular uptake of potassium into the cells as in excessive amount of insulin and metabolic acidosis can lead to
Hypokalemia
Increased urobilinogen may be present in what diseases?
Hemolytic disease
Hepatic disease
*Not biliary obstruction
Ketones evaluate for the presence of?
Acetone
5 non-renal causes for proteinuria:
Infection; Stress: Leukemia; Pre-eclampsia in pregnancy; Kidney stones
When the body loses water, what is the order the body pulls excess fluid from?
Plasma
Interstitial Fluid
Intracellular fluid
How are protein results recorded?
Negative
Trace
1+, 2+, 3+, or 4+
Symptoms of hypernatremia:
Lethargy; weakness: confusion; muscle twitching; tremors; seizures; irritability
A serum sodium level of <110 can lead to
Seizures and coma
Symptoms of hyponatremia:
Nausea; Malaise; HA; Lethargy; Confusion; Muscle twitching; Weakness